Denitrobacterium
Genus of bacteria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of bacteria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Denitrobacterium is a genus of Actinomycetota with a single species, in the family Coriobacteriaceae. Originally isolated from the bovine rumen, Denitrobacterium are non-motile and non-spore forming.[1] The only described species in this genus is Denitrobacterium detoxificans.[2] The specific niche of this bacterium in the bovine rumen is theorized to be the detoxification/metabolism of nitrotoxins and miserotoxin.[3][4][5]
Denitrobacterium | |
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Genus: | Denitrobacterium Anderson et al. 2000 |
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Denitrobacterium detoxificans Anderson et al. 2000 | |
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The sole species currently described in the genus Denitrobacterium, D. detoxificans, is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe.[1] In the study conducted by Anderson et al.,[1] all of the four strains (NPOH1, NPOH2, NPOH3, and MAJ1) are shown to possess high G+C content in their DNAs (60, 58, 56, and 60 mol%, respectively) and are closely related to one another (more than 99% sequence identity). Additionally, the closest intergeneric relative is Coriobacterium glomerans with 86% sequence identity, based on the 16S rRNA sequence comparison between the NPOH1 strain and sequences available in GenBank.[1]
In the bovine rumen, Denitrobacterium detoxificans metabolizes the following substrates through oxidation:[1][6]
The oxidation of these above compounds are coupled with the reduction of nitrocompounds such as:[1][6]
There are speculations as to how these nitrocompounds are metabolized. The primary mechanism of 3NPA and 3NPOH metabolism is the reduction to amines, i.e. β-alanine and aminopropanol, respectively.[7] β-alanine is further metabolized by ruminal microorganisms, whereas aminopropanol seems to be a final product.[7] It is also speculated that nitrite may be cleaved off from both 3NPA and 3NPOH as a minor metabolite, which is then further reduced to ammonia.[8] 3NPA gets metabolized by ruminal microbes more rapidly than 3NPOH;[9][8][10] therefore, 3NPA is less toxic to ruminants grazing on leguminous plants containing the conjugates of these nitrocompounds than 3NPOH.[10][7]
The above nitrocompounds are abundant in many forages in the forms of glycosides and glucose esters.[11] Miserotoxin is the most common glycoside of 3NPOH as 3-nitro-1-propyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, first isolated from Astragalus oblongifolius.[12] Other glycosides of 3NPOH include β-D-gentiobioside,[13] allolactoside,[14] laminaribioside,[15] and cellobioside[16] from Astragalus miser var. serotinus.[11] Glucose esters of 3NPA are produced by species of the genera Coronilla[17][18][19], Astragalus[20], Indigofera[20][21][22][23], and Hiptage[21].[11] 3NPA is also produced by Astragalus canadensis in the forms of oxotetrahydrofuranyl[24] and isoxazolinone esters.[25][11]
The D. detoxifican strain NPOH1 was first isolated and cultured in the 1996 study by Anderson et al.,[3] investigating the metabolism of nitrotoxins such as 3-nitro-1-propanol and 3-nitro-1-propionate. Strains NPOH2 and NPOH3 were isolated from a roll tube containing an agar medium with energy-depleted rumen fluid (at 40% v/v), sodium carbonate, resazurin, L-cysteine-HCl, lipoic acid, vitamins, minerals, and Amisoy (a partially purified soy protein product by Quest International, at 0.08% w/v), supplemented with 9 mM 3-nitro-1-propanol and inoculated with 2 x 10−4 mL of nonenriched ruminal fluid.[3] The rumen contents containing NPOH1, NPOH2, and NPOH3 were obtained from two different cows (one with NPOH1 and another with NPOH2&3) at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) in Ames, IA, USA. Strain MAJ1 was isolated from rumen contents of a cow on a milkvetch range harboring Astragalus miser var. serotinus in British Columbia, Canada.[1][3]
In the 2000 article, Anderson et al. proposed the assignment of the novel bacteria into the class Actinobacteria, subclass Coriobacteridae, order Coriobacteriales, family Coriobacteriaceae based on the high mole percent G+C content and 16S rRNA sequence.[1] The genus Denitrobacterium was included in the family Coriobaceteriaceae by Zhi et al. in the 2009 publication[26] on addendum to the class Actinobacteria.
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