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New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups,[1] according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in The Text of the New Testament.[2] The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types.[2]: 381 Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V.[2]: 381–382 Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke.[3]
The Alands' categories do not simply correspond to the text-types; all they do is demonstrate the 'Byzantine-ness' of a particular text; that is, how much it is similar to the Byzantine text-type, from least (Category I) to most similar (Category V). Category V can be equated with the Byzantine text-type, but the other categories are not necessarily representative of a text-type. Even though most texts in Category I agree with the Alexandrian text-type, they are not necessarily Alexandrian themselves; they are just very non-Byzantine.[4][2]: 381–382
The Alands introduced the following categories (Aland & Aland category description according to the 1989 English translation, p. 106, between quotation marks):[4][5]
- Category I: "Manuscripts of a very special quality which should always be considered in establishing the original text."[4][5] This category includes almost all manuscripts before the 4th century.[4] These manuscripts have almost no Byzantine influence, and often agree with the Alexandrian text-type (but are not necessarily Alexandrian themselves, for example 𝔓45, 𝔓46, Codex Vaticanus (B), and minuscule 1739).[4] Some 4th-century and earlier papyri and uncials are in this category, as are manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type. The Alands say the manuscripts in this category are important when considering textual problems, and in their opinion "presumably [represent] the original text".[1][2]: 383 [6]
- Category II: "Manuscripts of a special quality, but distinguished from manuscripts of Category I by the presence of alien influences."[4][5] The manuscripts in this category are similar to category I manuscripts, and are important in textual consideration of the autograph. However, the texts usually contain some alien influences, such as those found in the Byzantine text-type. Egyptian texts fall in this category.[1][5][2]: 383
- Category III: "Manuscripts of a distinctive character with an independent text... particularly important for the history of the text."[4][5] The manuscripts in category III are important when discussing the history of the textual traditions and to a lesser degree for establishing the original text. The manuscripts usually contain independent readings, and have a distinctive character. ƒ1 and ƒ13 are examples of manuscript families that fall within this category. Manuscripts of this category usually present mixed or eclectic text-type.[1][2]: 383
- Category IV: "Manuscripts of the D text."[4][5] Category IV contains the few manuscripts that follow the text of the Codex Bezae (D). These texts are of the Western text-type.[1][2]: 383
- Category V: "Manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."[4][5] This category may be equated with the Byzantine text-type.[4] Byzantine and mostly Byzantine texts fall under this category.[4][1][2]: 383
- Uncategorised: Some manuscripts studied by the Alands were not categorised, for example because they were too short to determine which group they belonged to, or fell somewhere in between.[4][5] The unclassified manuscript could be representative of the Western text-type, the "Caesarean text-type" (a term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings of the four Gospels), or anything else.[4]
The following table is derived from the Alands' The Text of the New Testament.[7][lower-alpha 1]
| Century and approximate year (AD) | I | II | III | IV | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd
(c. 150) |
𝔓52, 𝔓90, 𝔓104 | ||||
| 2nd / 3rd
(c. 200) |
𝔓32, 𝔓46, 𝔓64+67, 𝔓66, 𝔓77, 0189, | ||||
| 3rd
(c. 250) |
𝔓1, 𝔓4, 𝔓5, 𝔓9, 𝔓12, 𝔓15, 𝔓20, 𝔓22, 𝔓23, 𝔓27, 𝔓28, 𝔓29, 𝔓30, 𝔓39, 𝔓40, 𝔓45, 𝔓47, 𝔓49, 𝔓53, 𝔓65, 𝔓70, 𝔓75, 𝔓80, 𝔓87, 0220 | 0212 | 𝔓48, 𝔓69 | ||
| 3rd / 4th
(c. 300) |
𝔓13, 𝔓16, 𝔓18, 𝔓37, 𝔓72, 𝔓78, 𝔓115, 0162 | 𝔓38, 0171 | |||
| 4th
(c. 350) |
𝔓10, 𝔓24, 𝔓35, 01, 03 | 𝔓6, 𝔓8, 𝔓17, 𝔓62, 𝔓71, 𝔓81, 𝔓86, 0185 | 𝔓88, 058 (?), 0169, 0188, 0206, 0207, 0221, 0228, 0231, 0242 | ||
| 4th / 5th
(c. 400) |
057 | 𝔓19, 𝔓51, 𝔓57, 𝔓82, 𝔓85, 0181, 0270 | 𝔓21, 𝔓50, 059, 0160, 0176, 0214, 0219 | ||
| 5th
(c. 450) |
02 (except Gospels), 0254 | 𝔓14, 04, 016, 029, 048, 077, 0172, 0173, 0175, 0201, 0240, 0244, 0274 | 02 (Gospels), 032, 062, 068, 069, 0163, 0165 (?), 0166, 0182, 0216, 0217, 0218, 0226, 0227, 0236, 0252, 0261 | 05 | 026, 061 |
| 5th / 6th
(c. 500) |
𝔓56, 071, 076, 088, 0232, 0247 | 𝔓54, 𝔓63, 072, 0170, 0186, 0213 | |||
| 6th
(c. 550) |
𝔓33+58, 06, 08, 073, 081, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093 (1 Peter), 094, 0184, 0223, 0225, 0245 | 𝔓2, 𝔓36, 𝔓76, 𝔓83, 𝔓84, 06, 015, 035, 040, 060, 066, 067, 070, 078, 079, 082, 086, 0143, 0147, 0159, 0187, 0198, 0208, 0222, 0237, 0241, 0251, 0260, 0266 | 022, 023, 024, 027, 042, 043, 064, 065, 093 (Acts), 0246, 0253, 0265 (?) | ||
| 6th / 7th
(c. 600) |
𝔓26 | 𝔓43, 𝔓44, 𝔓55, 083 | 𝔓3, 0164, 0199 | ||
| 7th
(c. 650) |
𝔓74, 098 | 𝔓11, 𝔓31, 𝔓34, 𝔓79, 0102, 0108, 0111, 0204, 0275 | 𝔓59, 𝔓68, 096, 097, 099, 0106, 0107, 0109, 0145, 0167, 0183, 0200, 0209, 0210, 0239, 0259, 0262 | 𝔓73, 0103, 0104, 0211 | |
| 7th / 8th
(c. 700) |
𝔓42, 𝔓61 | 𝔓60 | |||
| 8th
(c. 750) |
019, 0101, 0114, 0156, 0205, 0234 | 𝔓41, 095, 0126, 0127, 0146, 0148, 0161, 0229, 0233, 0238, 0250, 0256 | 07, 047, 054 (?), 0116, 0134 | ||
| 8th / 9th
(c. 800) |
044 (Catholic epistles) | 044 (except Catholic epistles) | |||
| 9th
(c. 850) |
33 (except Gospels) | 010, 038, 0155, 0271, 33 (Gospels), 892, 2464 | 012, 025 (except Acts, Rev), 037, 050, 0122, 0128, 0130, 0131, 0132, 0150, 0269, 565 | 09, 011, 013, 014, 017, 018, 020, 021, 025 (Acts, Rev), 030, 031, 034, 039, 041, 045, 049, 053 (?), 063, 0120, 0133, 0135, 0136 (?), 0151, 0197, 0248, 0255, 0257, 0272, 0273 (?), 461 | |
| 9th / 10th
(c. 900) |
1841 | 0115, 1424 (Mark) | 1424 (except Mark), 1841 | ||
| 10th
(c. 950) |
1739 (Catholic epistles, Paul) | 0177, 0243 (?), 1739 (Acts), 1891, 2329 | 051, 075, 0105, 0121a, 0121b, 0140, 0141, 0249, 307, 1582, 1836, 1845, 1874, 1875, 1912, 2110, 2193, 2351 | 028, 033, 036, 046, 052, 056, 0142, 1874, 1891 | |
| 11th
(c. 1050) |
1175, 1243, 2344 | 81, 323, 945, 1006, 1854, 1962, 2298 | 28, 104, 181, 323, 398, 424, 431, 436, 451, 459, 623, 700, 788, 1243, 1448, 1505, 1838, 1846, 1908, 2138, 2147, 2298, 2344, 2596 (?) | 103, 104, 181 (Rev), 398, 431, 451, 459, 945, 1006, 1448, 1505, 1846, 1854, 2138, 2147, 2298 | |
| 11th / 12th
(c. 1100) |
256, 1735 | 1735, 1910 | 256 | ||
| 12th
(c. 1150) |
1241 (Catholic epistles) | 36, 1611, 2050, 2127 | 1 (Gospels), 36, 88, 94 (?), 157, 326, 330, 346, 378, 543, 610, 826, 828, 917, 983, 1071, 1241 (Gospels, Acts, Paul), 1319, 1359, 1542b, 1611, 1718, 1942, 2030, 2412, 2541, 2744 | 1 (except Gospels), 180, 189, 330, 378, 610, 911, 917, 1010, 1241, 1319, 1359, 1542b (?), 2127, 2541 | |
| 12th / 13th
(c. 1200) |
1573 | 1573 (?) | |||
| 13th
(c. 1250) |
2053, 2062 | 442, 579, 1292, 1852 | 6 (Catholic epistles, Paul), 13, 94, 180, 206, 218 (epistles), 263, 365, 441, 614, 720, 915, 1398, 1563, 1641, 1852, 2374, 2492, 2516, 2542, 2718 (?) | 6 (Gospels, Acts), 94 (?), 180, 206, 218 (except epistles), 263, 365, 597, 720, 1251 (?), 1292, 1398, 1642, 1852, 2374, 2400, 2492 (?), 2516 | |
| 13th / 14th
(c. 1300) |
1342 | ||||
| 14th
(c. 1350) |
2427 | 1067, 1409, 1506, 1881 | 5, 209, 254, 429 (except Paul), 453, 621, 629, 630, 1523, 1534, 1678 (?), 1842, 1877, 2005, 2197, 2200, 2377 | 5 (?), 189, 209, 254, 429 (Paul), 1067, 1409, 1506, 1523, 1524, 1877, 2200 | |
| 14th / 15th
(c. 1400) |
2495 | ||||
| 15th
(c. 1450) |
322 | 69, 205, 322, 467, 642, 1751, 1844, 1959, 2523, 2652 | 69, 181, 205, 429 (Rev.), 467, 642, 886, 2523, 2623, 2652 (?) | ||
| 16th
(c. 1500) |
61 (epistles, Rev), 522, 918, 1704, 1884 | 61 (Gospels, Acts), 522, 918, 1704 | |||
| 16th / 17th and later
(c. 1550–) |
849, 2544 (Paul) | 2544 (except Paul) |
| Century | Category I | Category II | Category III | Category IV | Category V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | 3 | ||||
| II/III | 6 | ||||
| III | 25 | 1 | 2 | ||
| III/IV | 8 | 2 | |||
| IV | 5 | 8 | 10 | ||
| IV/V | 1 | 7 | 7 | ||
| V | 2 | 16 | 19 | 1 | 2 |
| V/VI | 6 | 6 | |||
| VI | 15 | 31 | 12 | ||
| VI/VII | 1 | 4 | 3 | ||
| VII | 2 | 8 | 17 | 4 | |
| VII/VIII | 2 | 1 | |||
| VIII | 6 | 12 | 5 | ||
| VIII/IX | 1 | 1 | |||
| IX | 3 | 7 | 12 | 5 | |
| IX/X | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||
| X | 1 | 5 | 18 | 10 | |
| XI | 3 | 7 | 24 | 16 | |
| XI/XII | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| XII | 1 | 5 | 24 | 16 | |
| XII/XIII | 1 | 1 | |||
| XIII | 2 | 4 | 21 | 18 | |
| XIII/XIV | 1 | ||||
| XIV | 1 | 4 | 17 | 12 | |
| XIV/XV | 1 | ||||
| XV | 1 | 11 | 9 | ||
| XVI | 5 | 4 | |||
| XVI/XVII | 2 | 1 | |||
This system of classification would seem to prefer manuscripts which coincide more or less with the critical text of the Nestle-Aland and UBS Greek New Testaments, of which there are many supposedly Alexandrian manuscripts in Category I.[2] Some manuscripts are placed in Category V because they are considered too "brief" to classify.[2]: 382, 385 The Alands consider Uncial 055 unclassifiable because it is a commentary, and not exactly an "Uncial" manuscript.[1]: 119 Accordingly 𝔓7, 𝔓89, Uncial 080, Uncial 0100, Uncial 0118, 0174, 0230, 0263, 0264, 0267, 0268 are considered by the Alands to be too brief to classify.[1]: 96, 102, 120–127 Uncial 0144 and 0196 are not accessible. The Alands do not classify 𝔓25, stating this is due to the Diatessaric character of text (i.e. the four Gospels combined into a single narrative).[1]: 97
𝔓5 was classified to Category I, but it is not a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. According to biblical scholar Philip Comfort it is "a good example of what Kurt and Barbara Aland call "normal" (i.e. a relatively accurate text manifesting a normal amount of error and idiosyncrasy).[8]
The Alands references are one of the most widely used references for New Testament textual criticism in theological studies today along with the UBS and continues to receive regular updates as more manuscripts are found and become available for study. Published apparatus are constrained by limitations of space. Furthermore, updates do not happen in real time although efforts have made rapid progress in bringing the data online allowing for a more real-time access to research and discussion in ways no other text from antiquity has ever been done with the scale and scope of evidentiary materials. Originally, Waltz stated:
As a classification scheme, [Aland & Aland's] attempt was at once a success and a failure. A success, in that it has conveniently gathered data about how Byzantine the various manuscripts are. A failure, because it has not been widely adopted, and in any case does not succeed in moving beyond Byzantine/non-Byzantine classification.[4]
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