990s

The 990s decade ran from January 1, 990, to December 31, 999.

990

This section is transcluded from AD 990. (edit | history)

By place

Europe

• Al-Mansur, Chancellor and effective ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers the Castle of Montemor-o-Velho (modern Portugal), expanding the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.
• The city of Lund, Sweden is founded, during the reign of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard (approximate date).

Africa

• The Ghana Empire takes the Berber town of Aoudaghost (modern Mauritania) as the West African nation makes further gains.
• Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque by orders of the Fatimid vizier Gawar Al-Siqilli begins in Cairo (modern Egypt).

By topic

Religion

• June – The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the Catholic Church, is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and central France (at Charroux, Narbonne and Puy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy.

Significant people

• Al-Qadir
• Mahmud of Ghazni
• Pope John XV
• Pope Gregory V

Births

Transcluding articles: 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, and AD 999

990

• November 11 – Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1043)
• Adamo Abate, Italian Benedictine abbot (approximate date)
• Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Arab Hanbali scholar and jurist (d. 1066)
• Bi Sheng, Chinese inventor of movable type printing (d. 1051)
• Chananel ben Chushiel, Tunisian Jewish rabbi (d. 1053)
• Conrad II (the Elder), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1039)^[26]
• Edmund II (Ironside), king of England (d. 1016)
• Grigor Magistros, Armenian prince (d. 1058)
• John Scotus, bishop of Mecklenburg (d. 1066)
• John Vladimir, Serbian prince (approximate date)
• Kálfr Árnason, Norwegian chieftain (approximate date)
• Mieszko II, king of Poland (approximate date)
• Nissim ben Jacob, Tunisian Jewish rabbi (d. 1062)
• Theobald of Dorat, French monk and saint (d. 1070)
• Theodoric II, margrave of Lower Lusatia (d. 1034)
• Thietmar, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark (d. 1030)
• Tughril, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1063)
• Yaakov ben Yakar, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1064)
• Zhang Xian, Chinese poet and writer (d. 1078)

991

• Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 992)
• Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (d. 1060)
• Yan Shu, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 1055)

992

• August 1 – Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1031)
• Fujiwara no Michimasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1054)
• Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1071)
• Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 991)
• Otto Orseolo, doge of Venice (approximate date)
• Ulric Manfred II, count of Turin (approximate date)

993

• Majd al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Rayy (d. 1029)
• Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Spanish Talmudic scholar
• Sultan al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Fars (d. 1024)

994

• November 7 – Ibn Hazm, Andalusian historian and poet (d. 1064)
• Ahmad al-Bayhaqi, Persian Sunni hadith scholar (d. 1066)
• Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León (Spain) (d. 1028)
• Lothair Udo I, margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1057)
• Sancho III (the Great), king of Pamplona (approximate date)
• Simeon, Norman abbot of Ely Abbey (approximate date)
• Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, Andalusian female poet (d. 1091)

995

• Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
• Cnut (the Great), king of Denmark, Norway and England (d. 1035)
• Dominic Loricatus, Italian priest and hermit (d. 1060)
• Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine (approximate date)
• Herman II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
• Hemma of Gurk, German noblewoman (d. 1045)
• Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf), king of Norway (d. 1030)
• Reginar V, French nobleman (approximate date)
• Shaykh Tusi, Persian Shia scholar (d. 1067)
• William I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

996

• July 29 – Fujiwara no Norimichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1075)
• Drogo of Mantes, count of Valois and the Vexin (d. 1035)
• Elvira Menéndez, queen consort of León (approximate date)
• Oda of Meissen, queen consort of Poland (approximate date)

997

• Alan III (de Bretagne), duke of Brittany (d. 1040)
• Bertha of Milan, Lombard duchess and regent (approximate date)
• Godfrey III, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)
• Gusiluo, Tibetan religious leader of Buddhism (d. 1065)
• Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, Danish noblewoman (approximate date)
• Ibn al-Wafid, Andalusian pharmacologist (d. 1074)
• Rhys ap Tewdwr, king of Deheubarth (d. 1093)

998

• Ibn Abi Hasina, Arab poet and panegyrist (d. 1065)
• Mas'ud I, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (d. 1040)
• Muhammad, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (d. 1041)
• Song Qi, Chinese statesman and historian (d. 1061)
• Zeng Gongliang, Chinese scholar and writer (d. 1078)

999

• March 5 – Bao Zheng, politician of the Song Dynasty (d. 1062)
• Berengar of Tours, French theologian (approximate date) (d. 1088)
• Fujiwara no Ishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1036)
• Odo of Rennes, duke and regent of Brittany (d. 1079)

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, and AD 999

990

• March 15 – Siegfried I (the Older), German nobleman
• March 25 – Nicodemus of Mammola, Italian monk and saint
• April 23 – Ekkehard II (the Courtier), Swiss monk and abbot
• June 15 – Theophanu, Holy Roman Empress and regent
• July 26 – Fujiwara no Kaneie, Japanese statesman (b. 929)
• September 16 – Folcuin, Frankish abbot of Saint Bertin
• December 10 – Folcmar (Poppo), bishop of Utrecht
• Al-Saghani, Persian astronomer and historian of science
• Al-Tamimi, Arab writer and physician (approximate date)
• Dunash ben Labrat, Arab Jewish commentator (b. 920)
• Indra Pala, ruler of the Pala Dynasty (India) (b. 960)
• Kiyohara no Motosuke, Japanese nobleman (b. 908)
• Nazif ibn Yumn, Melkite Christian mathematician and translator
• Oliba Cabreta, count of Cerdanya and Besalú (Spain)
• Qarghuyah, Hamdanid administrator and governor
• Sahl ben Matzliah, Jewish philosopher (b. 910)
• Urard Mac Coise, Irish poet (Ollamh Érenn)

991

• March 1 – En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)
• April 2 – Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general
• April 4 – Reginold, bishop of Eichstätt
• May 11 – Heriward, Frankish abbot
• May 20 – Piligrim, bishop of Passau
• August 11 – Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex
• Aleramo, marquess of Montferrat and Liguria
• Al-Muqaddasi, Arab Muslim geographer
• Ashot-Sahak, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)
• Bakjur, Hamdanid mercenary and governor
• Gausfred I, count of Empúries and Roussillon
• Ibn Babawayh, Persian Shi'ite scholar
• Meng Xuanzhe, prince of Later Shu (b. 937)
• Nakatsukasa, Japanese waka poet (b. 912)
• Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 921)
• Pan Mei, Chinese general and statesman
• Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 955)
• Sa'd al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (b. 952)
• Suero Gundemáriz, Spanish nobleman
• Taira no Kanemori, Japanese nobleman
• Ya'qub ibn Killis, Fatimid vizier (b. 930)

992

• February 1 – Jawhar al-Siqilli, Fatimid general
• February 29 – Oswald, archbishop of Worcester
• May 25 – Mieszko I, prince (duke) of Poland
• June 15 – Michael I, Kievan metropolitan bishop
• June 27 – Conan I, duke of Brittany
• July 1 – Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 961)
• August 23 – Volkold, bishop of Meissen
• December 3 – Lothar II, German nobleman
• Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia
• Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, Persian philosopher
• Adso of Montier-en-Der, Frankish abbot (b. 920)
• Fujiwara no Nakafumi, Japanese waka poet (b. 923)
• Fujiwara no Tamemitsu, Japanese statesman (b. 942)
• Herbert of Wetterau, German nobleman
• Liu Jiyuan, emperor of Northern Han
• Maelpeadair Ua Tolaid, Irish abbot
• Marino Cassianico, bishop of Venice

993

• March 13 – Odo I, German nobleman
• October 19 – Conrad I, king of Burgundy
• December 9 – Egbert, archbishop of Trier
• Arnulf (or Aernout), count of Friesland
• Borrell II, count of Barcelona and Urgell
• Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine (b. 953)
• David II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)
• Landenulf II, Lombard prince of Capua
• Maelcairearda, king of Uí Briúin (Ireland)
• Minamoto no Masanobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 920)
• William I, French nobleman (b. 950)

994

• February 3 – William IV, duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
• April 4 – Egbert (the One-Eyed), German nobleman
• April 23 – Gerard of Toul, German priest and bishop
• May 11 – Majolus of Cluny, Frankish priest and abbot
• June 23 – Lothair Udo I, German nobleman (b. 950)
• June 24 – Abu Isa al-Warraq, Arab scholar (b. 889)
• July 8 – Richardis, margravine consort of Austria
• July 10 – Leopold I, margrave of Austria (b. 940)
• October 28 – Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury
• October 31 – Wolfgang, bishop of Regensburg
• Bagrat II, king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia) (b. 937)
• Fujiwara no Takamitsu, Japanese waka poet
• Ibn Juljul, Andalusian physician (approximate date)
• Sancho Garcés II, king of Navarre (Spain)

995

• March 30 – Sahib ibn Abbad, Persian statesman
• May 10 – Baldwin I (or Boudewijn), bishop of Utrecht
• May 16 – Fujiwara no Michitaka, Japanese nobleman (b. 953)
• June 13 – Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (b. 961)
• Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad, Afrighid ruler of Khwarezm
• Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin, Zirid ruler of Ifriqiyah
• Bernard I (the Suspicious), Frankish nobleman
• Egill Skallagrímsson, Viking poet (approximate date)
• Eric VI (the Victorious), Viking king of Sweden
• García Fernández, count of Castile and Álava
• Gebhard II, bishop of Constance (b. 949)
• Gerberga of Lorraine, Frankish noblewoman
• Haakon Sigurdsson, Viking ruler (jarl) of Norway
• Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria (b. 951)
• Herbert III (the Younger), Frankish nobleman
• Kenneth II (the Fratricide), king of Alba (Scotland)
• Lady Finella, Scottish noblewoman and assassin
• Michitsuna no Haha, Japanese female poet
• Mstivoj, Obodrite prince (approximate date)
• Song, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 952)

996

• March 12 – Odo I, Count of Blois (Eudes), French nobleman
• April 1 – John XV, pope of the Catholic Church
• October 14 – Al-Aziz Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 955)
• October 24 – Hugh I Capet, king of France (b. 941)
• November 20 – Richard I, duke of Normandy (b. 932)
• Abu Talib al-Makki, Shafi'i jurist and hadith scholar
• Li Fang, Chinese scholar and encyclopedist (b. 925)
• Gilla Pátraic mac Donnchada, king of Osraige (Ireland)
• Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (the Slender), German nobleman (b. 945)
• Ibn Abi Zayd, Muslim imam and scholar (b. 922)
• Ki no Tokibumi, Japanese waka poet (b. 922)
• Strachkvas, Bohemian prince and chronicler
• Takashina no Takako, Japanese female poet

997

• April 23 – Adalbert of Prague, Bohemian bishop
• May 8 – Tai Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 939)
• July 23 – Nuh II, Samanid emir (b. 963)
• August 20 – Conrad I, duke of Swabia
• October 6 – Minamoto no Mitsunaka, Japanese samurai (b. 912)
• November 29 – Seongjong, Korean king (b. 961)
• Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Qutia, Andalusian historian
• Constantine III, king of Alba (Scotland)
• Géza (or Gejza), Grand Prince of Hungary
• Gonzalo Menéndez, Portuguese nobleman
• Gonzalo Sánchez, count of Aragon (Spain)
• Ibn Battah al-Ukbari, Arab theologian (b. 917)
• Idwal ap Meurig, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
• Máel Coluim, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)
• Waldrada of Tuscany, dogaressa of Venice
• Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad, ruler of Khwarezm
• Roman, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire
• Sabuktigin, founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty
• Stephen Držislav (Dirzislaus), king of Croatia
• Tailapa II, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
• Teresa Ansúrez, queen and regent of León

998

• July 15 – Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani, Persian mathematician (b. 940)
• July 19 – Damian Dalassenos, Byzantine governor (doux)
• August 8 – Sŏ Hŭi, Korean politician and diplomat (b. 942)
• August 19 – Fujiwara no Sukemasa, Japanese statesman (b. 944)
• August 24 – Sisinnius II, patriarch of Constantinople
• October 28 – Sigfried, count of the Ardennes (Luxembourg)
• Æthelweard, English ealdorman and historian (approximate date)
• Koppány (or Cupan), Hungarian nobleman (approximate date)
• Landulf of Carcano, Lombard chronicler and archbishop
• Nikon the Metanoeite, Byzantine monk and preacher
• Samsam al-Dawla, emir of the Buyid Dynasty (b. 963)
• Yelü Xiuge, general and politician of the Liao Dynasty

999

• February 7 – Boleslaus II (the Pious), duke of Bohemia
• February 18 – Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 972)^[27]
• June 11 – Ebergar (or Everger), archbishop of Cologne
• November 4 – Gregor von Burtscheid, German abbot
• November 29 – Li Chun'an, Chinese merchant (b. 921)
• December 16 – Adelaide, empress regent of the Holy Roman Empire (b. 931)
• Alfred of Malmesbury (or Aelfric), English abbot and writer
• Cao Bin, Chinese general and governor (jiedushi) (b. 931)
• Ceallach ua Maílcorgus, Irish chief poet of Connacht
• Maredudd ab Owain, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)
• Matilda, German princess-abbess and daughter of Otto I (b. 955)
• Muirgheas mac Aedh, king of Uí Díarmata (Ireland)
• Subh of Córdoba, mother and regent of Hisham II
• Yelü Xiezhen, Chinese general and politician

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