The year 1839 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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- January 26 – Rachel Lloyd (d. 1900), American chemist.
- January 27 – Marie-Adolphe Carnot (died 1920), French chemist and mining engineer.
- February 11
- February 15 – Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen (died 1920), Danish mathematician.
- March 8 – Josephine Cochrane (died 1913), American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher.
- March 16 – Sully Prudhomme (died 1907), French engineer and poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
- April 4 – James Blyth (died 1906), Scottish electrical engineer.
- April 12 – Nikolai Przhevalsky (died 1888), Russian-born Polish explorer.
- May 8 – George Miller Beard (died 1883), American neurologist.
- July 17 – Ephraim Shay (died 1916), American steam locomotive engineer.
- September 10 – Charles Sanders Peirce (died 1914), American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist.
- January 22 – Christian Ramsay, Lady Dalhousie (born 1786), Scottish botanist.
- April 8 – Pierre Prévost (born 1751), Swiss physicist.
- June 27 – Allan Cunningham (born 1791), English botanist and explorer.
- August 28 – William Smith (born 1769), English geologist.
- August 10 – Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet (born 1758), English fossil collector.
- September 29 – Friedrich Mohs (born 1773), German mineralogist.
- October 24 – Sir William Charles Ellis (born 1780), English psychiatric physician.
- November 15 – William Murdoch (born 1754), Scottish-born inventor and technician.
- December 24 – Davies Gilbert (born 1767), English promoter of science.