Loading AI tools
The 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.
1400
January–March
- January 4 – The Epiphany Rising begins in England against King Henry IV by nobles planning to restore King Richard II to the throne, and is quickly crushed. Baron Lumley dies after attempting to seize Cirencester. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Kent are captured and beheaded on January 7. Sir Thomas Blount is hanged, drawn and quartered at Oxford on January 12. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester is captured and executed by a mob in Bristol on January 13. The Earl of Huntingdon is beheaded at Pleshey on January 16.
- February 14 – The deposed Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered his death by starvation, to prevent further uprisings.
- February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland.
- March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to abdicate as ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official Hồ Quý Ly, ending the Trần dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.
April–June
- April 21 – Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, resigns as England's Admiral of the North and West to join the resistance against King Henry IV. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the Battle of Shrewsbury.
- April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.
- April 25 – Jingnan campaign: In the Shandong province of Ming dynasty China, Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, defeats the Imperial forces of General Li Jinglong in the two-day Battle of Baigou River, by taking advantage of the chaos that results when a gust of wind breaks the staff of General Li's flag of battle. The Yan forces capture 100,000 of the Imperial soldiers as prisoners and Li and the others retreat to Jinan.
- April – King Swa Saw Ke, of Ava, the largest kingdom in Burma, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son, King Tarabya, who reigns less than seven months before being assassinated.
- May 22 – Meeting in Frankfurt, three of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (Rupert, elector of the Palatinate, Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, elector of Saxony, and Jobst of Moravia, elector of Brandenburg) meet in an attempt to replace the Emperor, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans because of his failure to stamp out civil unrest or to resolve the Western Schism. They select Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as the replacement for Wenceslaus.
- June 5 – Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg is assassinated after being identified as a rival to Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, on his way back from a May 22 meeting of the prince-electors, is ambushed by a party of men led by Count Henry of Waldeck while passing through the village of Kleinenglis in the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (now part of the German state of Hesse, near Borken).
July–September
- July 7 – Sir John Swinton, an envoy of King Robert III of Scotland, crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a writ of safe conduct by King Henry IV to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the Hundred Years' War.
- July 26 – Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.
- August 6 – Writing from Newcastle upon Tyne to Scotland's King Robert III, England's King Henry IV sends a demand that King Robert meet him "on Monday the 23rd of this present month of August, at Edinburgh, where, for this reason and for the peace of tranquility of the realms of England and Scotland, we intend to be," for Robert "to perform the obligation which you owe us" as "overlords of Scotland and of its kings in all temporal matters pertaining to them..." King Henry warns that "considering the effusion of Christian blood and other dangers and losses which may occur if you do not comply with our wishes, you will be present to render us homage and take the oath of fealty." [1]
- August 14 – King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."[2]
- August 20 – Meeting at the Lahneck Castle in what is now the German state Rhineland-Palatinate, the princes of the German states vote to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Wenceslaus, due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.
- August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.
- August 29 – Having failed in his expedition to receive a pledge of fealty from the King of Scotland, King Henry IV crosses back into England.[1]
- September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.
October–December
- October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."[3]
- October 29 – Jingnan campaign: In China, Prince Zhu Di of Yan expands his conquests with the capture of Cangzhou in Heibei province.
- October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo[4] overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.
- November 2 – The Mamluk Sultanate surrenders the city of Aleppo and Tamerlane's Army massacres many of the inhabitants.[5]
- November 25 – (9th waxing of Nadaw, 730 ME) Minkhaung I becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern Myanmar, after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic King Tarabya.
- December 21 – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England, and is greeted at Blackheath by King Henry IV, who hosts the Emperor at Eltham Palace during the Christmas holiday.[6]
- December 25 – In China, the Jingnan campaign of Prince Zhu Di of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of Li Jinglong, encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General Zhang Yu is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at Beijing and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.
Date unknown
- Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.
- Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
- In modern-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Taejong. Taejong succeeds to the throne.
- Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate, in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra.
- Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan, in modern-day north Okinawa, Japan.
- Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.
- A Wallachian army captures Iuga, and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia.
- The Kingdom of Kongo begins.
- The Haast's eagle and Moa are both driven to extinction by Māori hunters.
- The Mississippian culture starts to decline.
- Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.
- The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.
- Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.
- Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles, detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) |
1400
- January 13 – Infante John of Portugal, the Constable (d. 1442)
- March 15 – Guillaume Jouvenel des Ursins, Justice Minister of France (d. 1472)
- May 19 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (d. 1462)
- June 14 – Joan Ramon II, Count of Cardona (d. 1471)
- July 26 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
- October 24 – Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, oldest known ancestor of the House of Al Sa'ud (d. 1463)
- December 25 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)
- date unknown
- James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (d. 1459)
- Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor (d. 1482)
- Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1453).
- James of Sclavonia, Croatian friar (d. April 1485 or 1496)
- Gennadius Scholarius, Byzantine Greek philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1473)
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1460)
- Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)
- Jacopo Bellini, Italian painter (d. 1470)
- Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1399)
- Hans Multscher, German painter and sculptor (d. 1467)
- Helene Kottanner, Hungarian writer and courtier (d. after 1470)
- Ausiàs March, medieval Valencian poet and knight (d. 1459)
- Henry, Duke of Villena (d. 1445)
- Gonçalo Velho Cabral, Portuguese monk, Commander in the Order of Christ, explorer, and hereditary landowner (d. 1460)
- Manuel Fokas, Greek Byzantine painter (d. after 1454)
- Gilles Binchois, Franco-Flemish composer (d. 1460)
- Hang Jebat, closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero Hang Tuah
- Alexander of Masovia, Polish prince member of the House of Piast and Bishop of Trento (d. 1444)
- Andrea Grego, Dominican friar and preacher (d. 1485)
- Andronikos V Palaiologos, Byzantine ruler of Thessalonica and surrounding territories alongside his father John VII Palaiologos (d. 1407)
- Thomas Boleyn, Master of Gonville Hall, Cambridge and English priest (d. 1472)
- Vettore Cappello, merchant, statesman and military commander of the Republic of Venice (d. 1467)
- Domenico Capranica, Italian theologian, canonist, statesman, and cardinal (d. 1458)
- Pietru Caxaro, Maltese philosopher and poet (d. 1485)
- Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester noblewoman, first the mistress and then the second wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1452)
- probable
- Marina Nani, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1473)
- Giovanna Dandolo, Venetian dogaressa (d. after 1462)
- Johannes Gutenberg[64] (d. 1468)
1401
- March 27 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1460)
- May 10 – Thomas Tuddenham, Landowner (d. 1462)
- May 12 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (d. 1428)
- July 23 – Francesco I Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1466)[65]
- September 14 – Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (d. 1458)
- October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 (d. 1437)[66]
- November 26 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (d. 1418)
- December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter (d. 1428)
- date unknown
- probable – Nicholas of Cusa, German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer (d. 1464)
1402
- February 6 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (d. 1458)
- April 28 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and tlatoani of Texcoco (d. 1472)
- May 2 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1445)
- June 7 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1481)
- September 29 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (d. 1443)
- November 23 – Jean de Dunois, French nobleman and soldier, illegitimate son of Louis I (d. 1468)
- date unknown – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English nobleman (d. 1460)
1403
- January 2 – Basilios Bessarion, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1472)
- February 22 – King Charles VII of France, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1422 to his death (d. 1461)
- June 11 – John IV, Duke of Brabant, son of Antoine (d. 1427)
- August 11 – Ravenna Petrova, Princess of Amara Palace, daughter of William Hamilton and Anita Petrova. (d. 1423)
- September 1 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (d. 1445)
- September 25 – Louis III of Anjou (d. 1434)
- September 29 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (d. 1449)
- date unknown
- Robert Wingfield, English politician (d. 1454)
- John IV, Emperor of Trebizond (d. 1459)
1404
- January 18 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (d. 1463)
- February 14 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (d. 1472)
- March 25 (bapt.) – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (d. 1444)
- June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1451)
- July 6 – Yamana Sōzen, Japanese warlord and monk (d. 1473)
- July 25 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
- September 30 – Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432)
- October 14 – Marie of Anjou, queen of Charles VII of France (d. 1463)
1405
- February 8 – Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor (d. 1453)
- February 22 – Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy, Scottish noble (d. 1489)
- March 6 – King John II of Castile (d. 1454)
- May 6 – George Kastrioti, better known as Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero (d. 1468) (probable date)
- October 18 – Pope Pius II (d. 1464)
- date unknown – Louis I, Count of Montpensier (d. 1486)
- Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1449)
1406
- January 28 – Guy XIV de Laval, French noble (d. 1486)
- July 11 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. 1482)
- September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)
- date unknown
- John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1464)
- Margaret, Countess of Vertus, French countess (d. 1466)
- Martin of Aragon, Aragon infante (d. 1407)
- Ulrich II, Count of Celje (d. 1456)
- probable date
- Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)
1407
- March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431-1453) (d. 1453)
- August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1425)
- September 21 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1450)
- November 8 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (d. 1474)
- date unknown
- Thomas de Littleton, English judge (d. 1481)
- Marguerite, bâtarde de France, French noble, illegitimate daughter of the King of France (d. 1458)
- Demetrios Palaiologos, Byzantine prince (d. 1470)
- Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist, philosopher, literary critic (d. 1457)
1408
- January 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (d. 1460)
- February 14 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel (d. 1435)
- March 25 – Agnes of Baden, Countess of Holstein-Rendsburg, German noble (d. 1473)
- April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess (d. 1431)
- April 23 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1462)
- May 22 – Annamacharya, Indian mystic saint composer (d. 1503)
- October 1 or 1409 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden (d. 1470)
1409
- January 16 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (d. 1480)[67]
- March 2 – Jean II, Duke of Alençon, son of John I of Alençon and Marie of Brittany (d. 1476)
- March 12 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (d. 1459)
- September 13 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (d. 1432)
- October 7 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (d. 1442)
- October 21 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1473)
- date unknown – Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect
1400
.jpg)
- January 7
- Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)
- John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (executed) (b. 1350)
- January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed) (b. 1373)
- January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
- February 14 – King Richard II of England, (probably murdered) (b. 1367)
- April 21 – John Wittlebury, English politician (b. 1333)
- April 23 – Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, third son of John de Vere (b. 1338)
- April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist (b. 1327)
- June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans
- June 17 – Jan of Jenštejn, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1348)
- October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (b. c. 1343)[68]
- November 8 – Peter of Aragon, Aragonese infante (b. 1398)
- November 20 – Elizabeth of Moravia, Margravine of Meissen (b. 1355)
- November – Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
- December – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate (b. 1328)
- date unknown – Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician (b. 1340)
1401
- January 19 – Robert Bealknap, British justice
- March – William Sawtrey, English Lollard martyr (burned at the stake)
- April 8 or August 8 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (b. 1338)
- May 25 – Queen Maria of Sicily (b. 1363)
- September 14 – Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Polish bishop (b. 1355)
- October – Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland
- October 19 – John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton (b. 1362)
- October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
- November 25 – King Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
- date unknown – Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, Baron of Chalandritsa and Arcadia, Grand Constable of Achaea
1402
- March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1378)[69]
- May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon
- June 26 – Giovanni I Bentivoglio, Ruler of Bologna (b. 1358)
- July 13 – Jianwen Emperor of China (b. 1377)
- August 1 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1341)
- September 3 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (b. 1351)
- date unknown
- Empress Ma (Jianwen) of China (b. 1378)
- Hywel Sele, Welsh nobleman
1403
- March 8 – Beyazid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1354)
- April 27 – Maria of Bosnia, Countess of Helfenstein (b. 1335)
- April – Đurađ II Stracimirović, Serbian nobleman from the House of Balšić in Zeta
- May 10 – Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster, spouse of John of Gaunt
- May 12 – William de Lode, English prior
- July 21 (at the Battle of Shrewsbury)
- Sir Walter Blount, English soldier, standard-bearer of Henry IV (in battle)
- Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, English soldier (in battle)
- Henry 'Hotspur' Percy, English rebel (in battle)
- July 23 – Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (executed) (b. 1343)
- date unknown – Vukosav Nikolić, Bosnian nobleman (in battle)
- probable date – Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Persian physician
1404
- April 27 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1342)
- September 14 – Albert IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1377)
- September 27 – William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman (b. 1320)
- October 1 – Pope Boniface IX (b. 1356)
- October 15 – Marie Valois, French princess (b. 1344)
- December 13 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336)
- date unknown – Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (b. 1350)
1405
- January 12 – Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (b. 1345)
- February 14 – Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)
- March 16 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (b. 1350)
- April 19 – Thomas West, 1st Baron West (b. 1335)
- May 29 – Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France
- June 8
- Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, English rebel, executed in York (b. 1385)
- Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed in York (b. c.1350)
- c. July 20 – Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the "Wolf of Badenoch", fourth son of King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1343)[70]
- probable – Jean Froissart, French chronicler (b. 1337)
1406
- January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop
- March 17 – Ibn Khaldun, African Arab historian (b. 1332)
- April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland (b. 1337)[71]
- May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence (b. 1331)
- July 15 – William, Duke of Austria
- August 28 – John de Sutton V (b. 1380)
- September 16 – Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
- November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (b. 1322)
- November 6 – Pope Innocent VII (b. 1339)
- December 25 – King Henry III of Castile (b. 1379)
- probable date – Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde
1407
- February 9 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1343)
- February 16 – Abdallah Fakhr al-Din, religious leader
- March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
- April 23 – Olivier de Clisson, French soldier (b. 1326)
- July – Empress Xu (Ming dynasty), Chinese Empress (b. 1362)
- November 23 – Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)
- date unknown
- Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier (b. 1332)
- Kolgrim, Norse Greenlander and alleged sorcerer
1408
- February 19 – Thomas Bardolf, 5th Baron Bardolf, English rebel (in battle)
- February 20 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English rebel (in battle) (b. 1341)[72]
- April – Miran Shah, son of Timur the Lame (b. 1366)
- April 10 or April 11 – Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman
- May 24 – Taejo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1335)
- May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1358)
- September 15 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (b. 1384)
- September 22 – John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1370)
- December 4 – Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans
- date unknown – Coptic Pope Matthew I of Alexandria[73]
1409
- May 13 – Jan of Tarnów, Polish nobleman
- May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V (b. 1392)
- July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
- September 13 – Isabella of Valois, French princess and queen of England (b. 1387)[74]
- date unknown – Thomas Merke, English bishop
- probable – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (b. 1376)
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
