- Aletes imparelles contínues.
- La caudal pot ésser absent.
- El cos és molt allargat en forma de llengua.
- Poden arribar a tindre fins a tres línies laterals, totes al costat ocular.
- No tenen pectoral i, de vegades, les pèlviques poden no aparèixer.[1]
Es troben als oceans tropicals i subtropicals, tot i que n'hi ha espècies que viuen a estuaris i rius.[2]
Hi ha 137 espècies repartides en 3 gèneres:
- Gènere Cynoglossus[3]
- Cynoglossus abbreviatus (Gray, 1834).
- Cynoglossus acaudatus (Gilchrist, 1906).
- Cynoglossus acutirostris (Norman, 1939).
- Cynoglossus arel (Bloch i Schneider, 1801).[4]
- Cynoglossus attenuatus (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1917).
- Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacépède, 1802).
- Cynoglossus broadhursti (Waite, 1905).
- Cynoglossus browni (Chabanaud, 1949).
- Cynoglossus cadenati (Chabanaud, 1947).
- Cynoglossus canariensis (Steindachner, 1882).
- Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup, 1858).
- Cynoglossus carpenteri (Alcock, 1889).
- Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton, 1822).
- Cynoglossus dispar (Day, 1877).
- Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud, 1931).
- Cynoglossus dubius (Day, 1873).
- Cynoglossus durbanensis (Regan, 1921).
- Cynoglossus feldmanni (Bleeker, 1853).
- Cynoglossus gilchristi (Regan, 1920).
- Cynoglossus gracilis (Günther, 1873).
- Cynoglossus heterolepis (Weber, 1910).
- Cynoglossus interruptus (Günther, 1880).
- Cynoglossus itinus (Snyder, 1909).
- Cynoglossus joyneri (Günther, 1878).
- Cynoglossus kapuasensis (Fowler, 1905).
- Cynoglossus kopsii (Bleeker, 1851).
- Cynoglossus lachneri (Menon, 1977).
- Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker, 1851).
- Cynoglossus lighti (Norman, 1925).
- Cynoglossus lineolatus (Steindachner, 1867).
- Cynoglossus lingua (Hamilton, 1822).
- Cynoglossus maccullochi (Norman, 1926).
- Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1851).
- Cynoglossus macrophthalmus (Norman, 1926).
- Cynoglossus macrostomus (Norman, 1928).
- Cynoglossus maculipinnis (Rendahl, 1921).
- Cynoglossus marleyi (Regan, 1921).
- Cynoglossus melampetalus (Richardson, 1846).
- Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker, 1851).
- Cynoglossus monodi (Chabanaud, 1949).
- Cynoglossus monopus (Bleeker, 1849).
- Cynoglossus nigropinnatus (Ochiai, 1963).
- Cynoglossus ogilbyi (Norman, 1926).
- Cynoglossus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1854).
- Cynoglossus pottii (Steindachner, 1902).
- Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson, 1846).
- Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus (Regan, 1905).
- Cynoglossus robustus (Günther, 1873).
- Cynoglossus roulei (Wu, 1932).
- Cynoglossus sealarki (Regan, 1908).
- Cynoglossus semifasciatus (Day, 1877).
- Cynoglossus semilaevis (Günther, 1873).
- Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup, 1858).
- Cynoglossus sibogae (Weber, 1913).
- Cynoglossus sinicus (Wu, 1932).
- Cynoglossus sinusarabici (Chabanaud, 1931).
- Cynoglossus suyeni (Fowler, 1934).
- Cynoglossus trigrammus (Günther, 1862).
- Cynoglossus trulla (Cantor, 1849).
- Cynoglossus waandersii (Bleeker, 1854).
- Cynoglossus zanzibarensis (Norman, 1939).
- Gènere Paraplagusia
- Gènere Symphurus[6]
- Symphurus arawak (Robins & Randall, 1965).
- Symphurus atramentatus (Jordan & Bollman, 1890).
- Symphurus atricaudus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880).
- Symphurus australis (Rendahl, 1922).
- Symphurus bathyspilus (Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003).[7]
- Symphurus billykrietei (Munroe, 1998).
- Symphurus callopterus (Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989).
- Symphurus caribbeanus (Munroe, 1991).
- Symphurus chabanaudi (Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990).
- Symphurus civitatium (Ginsburg, 1951).
- Symphurus diabolicus (Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990).[8]
- Symphurus diomedeanus (Goode i Bean, 1885).
- Symphurus elongatus.
- Symphurus fasciolaris (Gilbert, 1892).
- Symphurus fuscus (Brauer, 1906).
- Symphurus gilesii (Alcock, 1889).
- Symphurus ginsburgi (Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976).
- Symphurus gorgonae (Chabanaud, 1948).
- Symphurus hondoensis (Hubbs, 1915).[9]
- Symphurus insularis (Munroe, Brito & Hernández, 2000).[10]
- Symphurus jenynsi (Evermann & Kendall, 1907).
- Symphurus kyaropterygium (Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976).
- Symphurus leei (Jordan & Bollman, 1890).
- Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844).
- Symphurus lubbocki (Munroe, 1990).
- Symphurus luzonensis (Chabanaud, 1955).
- Symphurus macrophthalmus (Norman, 1926).
- Symphurus maldivensis (Chabanaud, 1955).
- Symphurus marginatus (Goode i Bean, 1886).
- Symphurus marmoratus (Bleeker, 1851).
- Symphurus melanurus (Clark, 1936).
- Symphurus melasmatotheca (Munroe & Nizinski, 1990).[11]
- Symphurus microlepis (Bleeker, 1851).
- Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber, 1913).
- Symphurus minor (Ginsburg, 1951).
- Symphurus monostigmus (Munroe, 2006).
- Symphurus nebulosus (Goode i Bean, 1883).
- Symphurus nigrescens (Rafinesque, 1810).[12]
- Symphurus normani (Chabanaud, 1950).
- Symphurus novemfasciatus (Shen & Lin, 1984).
- Symphurus ocellatus.
- Symphurus oculellus (Munroe, 1991).
- Symphurus oligomerus (Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990).
- Symphurus ommaspilus (Böhlke, 1961).
- Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker, 1879).
- Symphurus parvus (Ginsburg, 1951).
- Symphurus pelicanus (Ginsburg, 1951).
- Symphurus piger.
- Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766).[13]
- Symphurus plagusia (Bloch i Schneider, 1801).[14]
- Symphurus prolatinaris (Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva, 1991).
- Symphurus pusillus (Goode i Bean, 1885).
- Symphurus regani (Weber & de Beaufort, 1929).
- Symphurus reticulatus (Munroe, 1990).
- Symphurus rhytisma (Böhlke, 1961).
- Symphurus schultzi (Chabanaud, 1955).
- Symphurus septemstriatus (Alcock, 1891).
- Symphurus stigmosus (Munroe, 1998).
- Symphurus strictus (Gilbert, 1905).
- Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy i Gaimard, 1824).
- Symphurus trewavasae (Chabanaud, 1948).
- Symphurus trifasciatus (Alcock, 1894)).
- Symphurus undatus (Gilbert, 1905).
- Symphurus undecimplerus (Munroe & Nizinski, 1990).
- Symphurus urospilus (Ginsburg, 1951).
- Symphurus vanmelleae (Chabanaud, 1952).
- Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist, 1903).
- Symphurus varius (Garman, 1899).
- Symphurus williamsi (Jordan & Culver, 1895).
- Symphurus woodmasoni (Alcock, 1889).[15][16]
Menon, A.G.K., 1977. A systematic monograph of the tongue soles of the genus Cynoglossus Hamilton-Buchanan (Pisces: Cynoglossidae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. (238):1-129. Chapleau, F. i C.B. Renaud, 1993. Paraplagusia sinerama (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae), a new Indo-Pacific tongue sole with a revised key to species of the genus. Copeia 1993(3):798-807. Munroe, T.A., 1998. Systematics and ecology of tonguefishes of the genus Symphurus (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Bull. 96(1):1-182. Munroe, T.A. i J.E. McCosker, 2001. Redescription of Symphurus diabolicus, a poorly-known, deep-sea tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from the Galapagos Archipelago. Rev. Biol. Trop. 49(Suppl. 1):187-198. Terwilliger, M.R. i T.A. Munroe, 1999. Age, growth, longevity, and mortality of blackcheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes), in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Fish. Bull. 97:340-361. Munroe, T.A., 1991. Western Atlantic tonguefishes of the Symphurus plagusia complex (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes), with descriptions of two new species. Fish. Bull. 89(2):247-287.
- Desoutter, M., 1986. Cynoglossidae. p. 432-433. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse i D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (editors) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussel·les; MRAC, Tervuren; i ORSTOM, París. Vol. 2.
- Desoutter, M., 1990. Cynoglossidae. p. 1050-1054. A J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post i L. Saldanha (editors) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisboa; SEI, París; i [UNESCO], París. Vol. 2.
- Eschmeyer, W. N. Genera of Recent Fishes (en anglès). iii + 697. Acadèmia de les Ciències de Califòrnia, 1990. ISBN 0-940228-23-8.
- Eschmeyer, W. N. Catalog of Fishes (en anglès). Acadèmia de les Ciències de Califòrnia, 1998. ISBN 978-0-940228-47-4.
- Gutherz, E.J., 1978. Cynoglossidae. A W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 2. pag.var.
- Heemstra, P.C., 1986. Cynoglossidae. p. 865-868. A M.M. Smith i P.C. Heemstra (editors) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
- Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997. ISBN 1-4051-2494-6.
- Mahadeva, M.N. i T.A. Munroe, 1990. Three new species of symphurine tonguefishes from tropical and warm temperate waters of the Eastern Pacific (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103(4):931-954.
- Menon, A.G.K. i S. Monkolprasit, 1974. Cynoglossidae. A W. Fischer i P.J.P. Whitehead (editors) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (fishing area 71). Roma, FAO. Vol. II, pag. var.
- Menon, A.G.K., 1981. Cynoglossidae. A W. Fischer, G. Bianchi i W.B. Scott (editors) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic; fishing areas 34, 47 (in part). Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada i FAO. Vol. 2. pag. var.
- Menon, A.G.K., 1984. Cynoglossidae. A W. Fischer i G. Bianchi (editors) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 2.
- Moyle, P.; Cech, J. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology (en anglès). 4a edició. Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN 9780130112828.
- Munroe, T.A., 1990. Eastern Atlantic tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), with descriptions of two new species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 47(2):464-515.
- Munroe, T.A., 1992. Interdigitation pattern of dorsal-fin pterygiophores and neural spines, an important diagnostic character for symphurine toungefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes). Bull. Mar. Sci. 50(3):357-403.
- Munroe, T.A., F. Krupp i M. Schneider, 1995. Cynoglossidae. Lenguas, lenguetas. p. 1039-1059. A W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (editors) Guia FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma.
- Munroe, T.A. i B.N. Marsh, 1997. Taxonomic status of three nominal species of Indo-Pacific symphurine tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes). Ichthyol. Res. 44(2):189-200.
- Munroe, T.A., 2001. Cynoglossidae. Tonguesoles. p. 3890-3901. A K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (editors) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles.. FAO, Roma.
- Munroe, T.A., 2002. Cynoglossidae. Tonguefishes and tongue soles. p. 1934-1959. A K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals..
- Munroe, T.A. i D.R. Robertson, 2005. Symphurus ocellaris, a new shallow-water symphurine tonguefish collected off Pacific Panama (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 118(8):576-581.
- Munroe, T.A., 2006. New Western Indian Ocean tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae, Symphurus) Copeia 2006(2):230-234.
- Munroe T. A. i J. Hashimoto, 2008. A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents. Zootaxa 1839:43-59.
- Nelson, J. S. Fishes of the World (en anglès). 4a edició. Wiley, 2006. ISBN 978-0471250319.
- Ochiai, A., 1966. Study about biology and morphology of Cynoglossidae in Japan. Misaki Marine Biological Station, Tokyo Univ. Press, Tòquio. 97 p.
- Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter i F. Lagardère, 1986. Cynoglossidae. p. 1325-1328. A P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen i E. Tortonese (editors) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, París. Vol. 3.
- Quéro, J.-C., 1997. Soleidae et Cynoglossidae (Pleuronectiformes) de l'île de la réunion (Océan Indien): description d'une novelle espèce. Cybium 21(3):319-329.
- Wheeler, A. The World Encyclopedia of Fishes (en anglès). 2a edició. Macdonald, 1985. ISBN 978-0356107158.
- Yokogawa, K., H. Endo i H. Sakaji, 2008. Cynoglossus ochiaii, a new tongue sole from Japan (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. Ser. A. Suppl. 2:115-127.
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