McDowall 為《美國公共衛生期刊》所作研究與 Gary Kleck 和 Marc Gertz 1995 年的一項研究形成對比,後者發現美國每年有 245 萬起犯罪活動是使用槍支挫敗的,而且在大多數情況下,潛在的受害者從未開過一槍。[50] 學術界和大眾媒體多次引用Kleck研究的結果。[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] Kleck 和 Gertz 的研究方法受到了一些研究人員的批評[58][59],但槍支管制倡導者 Marvin Wolfgang 也為之辯護[60]。
McDowall指出Kleck研究方法上的問題。他認為Kleck所用的樣本大小非常小,並且沒有包括那些人身攻擊已經開始的犯罪未遂案子下的自衛行為。[61]然而,前面樣本非常小的批評,是不準確的—Kleck與Gertz的調查實際上是截至當時為止最大規模、對受訪者諮詢有關防衛性槍枝使用的抽樣調查—共4,977個案件,遠超過一般全國性調查。[62]一項在1990年代由Harvard Injury Control Research Center的David Hemenway所進行的研究發現,槍枝用於犯罪的次數遠較用於自衛為多。[63]不過,根據Kleck的研究,最成功的防止傷亡辦法是不發一彈,而這在Hemenway或者McDowall研究中並未計入自我防衛。[61][64][63]
在美國,有四分之一的商業搶劫案與槍枝有關。[98]相比之下,涉及槍枝的搶劫導致死亡的可能性是使用其他武器搶劫的3倍,[98][99][100]家庭暴力案件也有類似的模式。[101]犯罪學家菲利普·庫克(Philip J. Cook)推測,假使槍枝没这么泛滥,罪犯不管如何很可能还是會行兇,但會使用其它較不致命的武器。[102]他發現,在50個美國最大城市裡擁槍水平與持槍搶劫率相關,而並非與整體搶劫率相關。[103][104]有相當多兇殺案是由另一宗暴力罪案導致的,而這種情況下的罪犯犯罪時並沒有明確或者持續的意圖要殺人或者被殺。這種案例日漸增多。[100][105]在美國,總體搶劫與施暴率也與其他已開發國家如澳大利亚、芬蘭相當,儘管在這些國家擁槍率遠較美國為低。[102][105]
於1994年頒行的暴力犯罪控制及执行法(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act),其中包括聯邦攻擊武器禁令,是為引起大眾關注大規模槍擊事件的回應。[143]本禁令規定,禁止一些可裝配仿軍用規格附屬品如摺疊槍托、槍柄、與閃光抑制器、以及可裝備超過10發子彈以上彈匣半自動武器的製造與進口。[143]附帶的祖父條款對在1994年以前製造的槍枝網開一面。一項由賓夕法尼亞大學犯罪學家克里斯托弗·S·科佩爾(Christopher S. Koper)與傑弗瑞·A·羅斯(Jeffrey A. Roth)所作的短期評估發現,該立法對槍枝暴力並沒有任何明顯的影響。[144]然而,科佩爾和羅斯指出,祖父條款和對這些1994年以前製造的槍枝在犯罪上使用應該視為限制禁令成效的因素,這使得效果不顯著。[144]由於短期評估所給的研究時間相當短,美國國家科學院亦建議審慎作結。[131]2004年9月,攻擊武器禁令隨著其日落條款而到期失效。[145]
某些槍枝管制倡導團體制定了自己的計畫,如由布來迪槍枝暴力防治中心主辦的坦言風險(Straight Talk about Risks,簡稱STAR)計畫,以及由約書亞霍維茨終結手槍暴力教育基金協會(Joshua Horwitz Educational Fund to End Handgun Violence)主辦的手頭無槍(Hands without Guns)計畫。 [168]
社區計劃
如社區振興、放學後的輔導課程、以及媒體宣傳等等針對整個社區的計畫,可以更有效地降低了兒童所接觸暴力行為的整體水平。[178][179]特別針對槍枝暴力、以社區為主的計畫包括紐約市的兒童安全/社區健康傷害防治計劃(Safe Kids/Healthy Neighborhoods Injury Prevention Program)、[180][181]以及芝加哥的安穩的家暨庇護所(Safe Homes and Havens)計畫。[168]對這些社區為主計畫進行評估相當困難,因為許多錯綜複雜的因子及該計畫本質多面之故。[168]
社會學家詹姆斯·D·賴特(James D. Wright)認為,要說服都市內青年不攜槍「需要說服他們,他們可以在不武裝下,於街舫鄰居間存活並安全的來去自如;而不武裝不會造成他們成為犧牲品、遭恐嚇、或者被殺的對象」[120]干預計畫如1990年代波士頓停火行動及弗吉尼亞州里士满流放專案,已證明有效。[22][182]其他干預策略,譬如槍枝「購回」計劃已證明無效。[131]
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