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来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
美利坚合众国宪法第三条建立了美国联邦政府的司法部门,不过从技术层面上,这一条明确设立的只是联邦最高法院,其它的各个下级法院的设立仍然需要立法机关再立法规定或设立,宪法还规定联邦政府的司法权属于包括最高法院在国会所设立的各个下级法院在内的联邦法院系统。
第一款确立联邦政府司法权属于联邦法院,要求建立一个联邦最高法院,并允许再设立下级法院,要求法官任职内行为端正即任期不受限制,并且其在职期间报酬数额不能减少(但没有限制增加)。
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
第一款只明确要求建立一个联邦最高法院,但并没有规定其中应该有多少名大法官。同时在宪法第一条第三款第6节中有提及应该有一名“首席大法官”:“合众国总统受审时,最高法院首席大法官主持审判。”之后国会通过立法规定了大法官的人数,目前这一数字为9人:一位首席大法官和八位大法官。值得补充的是,首席大法官和其他大法官之间,并没有任何上下级的关系,也不存在升迁或降级的说法,首席大法官只起召集作用。
曾有不少人建议将联邦最高法院分为多个分支,但都没有得到采纳。
联邦最高法院是宪法中规定要设立的唯一一个联邦法院,在美利坚合众国制宪会议期间,曾有人提议将联邦最高法院作为唯一的一个联邦法院,其同时拥有初审和上诉管辖权,主要审理来自各州法院的上诉,不过这样的建议也没有得到采纳。最终通过的宪法第一条第八款规定:“国会有权……设立低于最高法院的法院”,所以国会就既可以根据宪法第一条第八款来设立下级法院,也可以通过第三条第一款来设立。其中后者是由立法部门通过《1789年司法条例》而建立的,包括联邦地区法院、联邦上诉法院等,也称“宪法法院”,而前者则主要包括联邦税收法院,也称“立法法院”。不过值得注意的是,只是根据第三条设立的“宪法法院”才拥有司法权,因此能够对监管机构的决定进行审查也只有这些法院。
宪法规定所有法官“如行为端正,得继续任职”,其中的“行为端正”意味着法官任职没有限制,可以终身任职,除非他主动选择辞职或退休。当然,法官也可能因为受国会弹劾而下台,美国至今共有14位法官因为受到弹劾而离职(见美利坚合众国弹劾。另外还有三位法官,分别是马克·W·德拉海[3]、乔治·W·英格里希[4]和塞缪尔·B·肯特[5],他们宁愿选择直接辞职,而不愿面对弹劾程序。
第二款规定了司法权的适用范围和联邦最高法院的具体管辖范围,如哪一些类型案件可以接受初审,哪一些类型案件只能接受上诉审理。此外这一款也规定除弹劾案外,任何犯罪案件都应该由陪审团审判。
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
在奇泽姆诉乔治亚州案(2 U.S. (Dallas 2) 419 (1793))中,联邦最高法院裁定,由于宪法第三条中给予最高法院司法管辖权,因此各州并不能从公民的起诉中给予豁免。这导致之后国会在1794年3月4日提出了美利坚合众国宪法第十一条修正案,并于1795年2月7日得到足够数量州的批准而开始生效,该修正案推翻了这一判决,来防止各州被别州公民在联邦法院起诉。
第三条第二款规定除弹劾案外,任何犯罪案件均需由陪审团审判,除非被告放弃这一权力。并且审判必须在犯罪行为所发生的州内进行,如果犯罪行为并非发生在任何一个州中,则在立法部门另行规定的地点进行。
美利坚合众国宪法第六条修正案中也有着类似的规定:刑事诉讼必须“由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团”进行。
参议院独自拥有审判一切弹劾案的权力[6]。
第三款限定了叛国罪的定罪标准和程序,并限定了相应惩罚的许可范围。
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
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