巴斯玛奇运动(俄語:Басмачество,羅馬化:Basmachestvo),正式稱呼為突厥斯坦解放組織[11],是以突厥人为主的穆斯林反对俄罗斯帝国和苏联在中亚统治的抵抗組織。巴斯玛奇运动在第一次世界大战期间1916年开始,由为反沙皇徵兵和反俄起义发展成一次长期的对苏联的内战,由恩维尔·帕夏領導,直到1934年才渐渐平息。
苏联方面的资料将其描述成一次伊斯兰原教旨主义,连同普通暴徒和乌合之众以及伊斯兰激进分子的叛乱运动。发动起义的叛军被故意贬低称为“Basmachi”,即乌孜别克语的“土匪”之意。苏联用这个词来代表在俄国革命和1930年代之间中亚活跃的穆斯林敌人。[12]其他历史学家认为,起义重要的基本力量是许多普通的农民和牧民,这些人民反对俄罗斯的文化帝国主义,更反对苏联的强硬政策和对粮食牲畜的征收(戰時共產主義)。[來源請求]这类观点同时也考虑到苏联当局对沙皇政权的殖民政治政策的延续。然而,穆斯林传统主义和泛突厥主义也是起义的两大重要组成部分,普通的匪帮也有参与。[來源請求]
这一运动一度耽搁了中亚民族进一步的界定工作,也让布尔什维克当局越发忌惮当地的穆斯林势力。同時也引起大批哈薩克族和吉爾吉斯族逃往中國。[13],对中亚地区接下来的民族划界以及5个加盟共和国成立起到了重要影响。
In Union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands with July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
Supporters of Habibullah had fought in alliance with such films only in northern Afghanistan
Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia, Michael Rywkin, page 35
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR, By Bohdan Nahaylo,Victor Swoboda, p. 40, 1990.
Krivosheev, Grigori (Ed.), Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, p. 43, London: Greenhill Books, 1997.
Uzbekistan, By Thomas R McCray, Charles F Gritzner, pg. 30, 2004, ISBN 1438105517.
Martha B. Olcott, The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24, 355.
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