膝溝藻屬

膝溝藻屬（學名：Gonyaulax），其物種一般稱作膝溝藻（^[1]，是双鞭毛虫门的一個屬，模式種是具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing）。本屬物種是已知可引起赤潮的一個甲藻的屬^[2]。

膝溝藻屬
科学分类
演化支：	SAR 超类群 SAR
演化支：	囊泡虫类 Alveolata
总纲：	双鞭毛虫门 Dinoflagellata
纲：	横裂甲藻纲 Dinophyceae
目：	膝溝藻目 Gonyaulacales
科：	膝溝藻科 Gonyaulacaceae
属：	膝溝藻屬 Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866
物種
见正文
異名
Conyaulax Linko, 1907 Goniaulax Rauschenplat, 1901 Roulea Gourret, 1883 Spiraulaxina Loeblich Iii, 1970 Steiniella Schütt, 1895

下属物种

本属包括以下物种：

• Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911
• Gonyaulax ambigua Deflandre, 1941
• Gonyaulax apiculata (Pénard) Entz
• Gonyaulax apionis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax balechii Karen A. Steidinger (1971) Gonyaulax balechii sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with a discussion of the genera Gonyaulax and Heteraulacus, Phycologia, 10:2-3, 183-187, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-10-2-183.1
• Gonyaulax birostris F.Stein
• Gonyaulax bulloidea Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
• Gonyaulax catenella
• 角突膝沟藻 Gonyaulax ceratocoroides Kofoid, 1910
• Gonyaulax clathrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
• Gonyaulax clevei Ostenfeld, 1902
• Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier, 1919
• Gonyaulax diaphanis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• 双刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid, 1911
• Gonyaulax diegensis-digitale
• 粗刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax digitale (Pouchet) Kofoid, 1911
• Gonyaulax edwardsi Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax eisenacki Deflandre, 1938
• Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens, 2015 ^[3]
• Gonyaulax eumorpha Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
• Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech
• Gonyaulax fragilis (F.Schütt) Kofoid, 1911^[4]
• 纺锤膝沟藻 Gonyaulax fusiformis Graham, 1942
• Gonyaulax geomunensis ^[5]
• Gonyaulax grindleyi P.Reinecke
• Gonyaulax helensis Woloszyska, 1928
• Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld & Schmidt
• Gonyaulax hyalodermopsis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax inflata (Kof.) Kof., 1911
• 焦氏漆沟藻 Gonyaulax jolliffei Murray & Whitting, 1899
• Gonyaulax jurassica Deflandre, 1938
• Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill.
• Gonyaulax longicornu
• Gonyaulax milneri (Murray & Whitting, 1899) Kofoid, 1911
• Gonyaulax minima Matzenauer, 1933
• Gonyaulax minuta
• 帽状膝沟藻 Gonyaulax mitra Schütt Kofoid,1911
• Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill.
• Gonyaulax monilata
• Gonyaulax monocantha
• Gonyaulax muderongensis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax nana Schiller, 1937
• Gonyaulax nezaniae H.Gu et K.N.Mertens 2021
• Gonyaulax nigricans (J.Schiller) Balech
• 东方膝沟藻 Gonyaulax orientalis
• Gonyaulax ovalis Schiller, 1929
• 太平洋膝沟藻 Gonyaulax pacifica Kofoid, 1907
• Gonyaulax palustris Lemmermann
• Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell
• Gonyaulax perforans Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• 多边膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polyedra Stein,1883
• 多纹膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883^[6][7]
• Gonyaulax rugosum Wailes, 1928
• Gonyaulax scotti Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911
• Gonyaulax serrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
• Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof.
• 具刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866，底刺膝沟藻
• Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925
• Gonyaulax turbynei G.Murray & F.Whitting
• Gonyaulax unicornis Lebour
• 春膝沟藻 Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973
• Gonyaulax whaseongensis A.S.Lim, H.J.Jeong et Ji Hye Kim 2018

赤潮

主条目：赤潮

赤潮是因為海水被諸如膝溝藻屬物種這類有顏色的細胞在海洋中泛濫，從而令海水看起來像變了顏色似的。部分膝溝藻屬物種會產生毒素。舉例說：具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera）已知與虾夷扇贝毒素的生成相關；而扇貝毒素是一組在結構上與聚醚相關的毒素，能夠在食用貝殼類生物的體內累積，並產生跟中了麻痺性貝毒（PSP）類似的病徵^[8]。

參考文獻

1. 膝溝藻. 教育百科. [2021-03-10] （中文（繁體））.
2. Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina. Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995-04-28, 9: 55 [2015-04-25]. doi:10.3354/ame009055. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-10）.
3. Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K. Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. J. Phycol. 2015, 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.
4. syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
5. Hyun Jung Kim, Zhun Li, Haifeng Gu, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Joo Yeon Youn, Kyeong Yoon Kwak, Seok-Jin Oh, Kyoungsoon Shin, Yeong Du Yoo, Wonchoel Lee & Hyeon Ho Shin (2023) Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov. and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity, Phycologia, 62:1, 48-67, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2140548
6. syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
7. 潘雪峰; 张鹰; 刘吉堂. 海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析. 《海洋环境科学》 (植物通). 2007, 2007年 (06期): 523–526 [2021-03-10] （中文（简体））.
8. Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David. Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae. 2004-04-01, 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946 . PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.

延伸閱讀

• White, A W. Marine zoo plankton can accumulate and retain dinoflagellate toxins and cause fish kills. ASOL Limnology and Oceanography. Jan 1981, 26 (1): 103–9. Bibcode:1981LimOc..26..103W. JSTOR 2835810. doi:10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0103 .
• Diaz, Patricio; Molinet, Carlos; Seguel, Miriam; Labra, Gissela; Figueroa, Rosa. Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile: Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence. Harmful Algae. December 2014, 40 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.001 .

外部連結