另一解說來自當代作家印加·加西拉斯科·德拉維加(Inca Garcilasco de la Vega),印加公主之子兼征服者。他說「Birú」之名是印第安人的名字,來自一位被總督佩德羅·阿里亞斯·德阿維拉(Pedro Arias de Ávila)的探險隊船員發現的印第安平民,並因為語言隔閡而引起了更多誤解。[16]
西班牙政府於1529年《Capitulación de Toledo》賦予該名稱的法律地位,把新發現的印加帝國命名為秘魯行省。[17]在西班牙統治下,當地接受了秘魯總督轄區的命名,獨立後繼續沿用「秘魯」為國名。
1535年1月18日被皮薩羅建立的“眾王之城(Ciudad de Reyes)”利馬獲選為總督轄區的首府,並發展成一座統治著西班牙南美洲屬地的大城市。貴金屬經過利馬去到巴拿馬地峽,並從當地運送到西班牙塞维利亚。到了18世纪,利馬已經成為獨樹一格及有貴族氣派的殖民首都、大學所在地以及西班牙在美洲大陸的主要據點。
秘魯國會於1824年2月10日任命玻利瓦爾為秘魯獨裁官,這使他得以徹底重組政治和軍事行政部門。在將軍安東尼奧·何塞·蘇克雷的協助下,玻利瓦爾於1824年8月6日的胡寧戰役(英语:Battle of Junín)決定性地打敗西班牙騎兵。蘇克雷於12月9日再在阿亞庫喬戰役擊敗數量仍然佔優勢的西班牙軍隊殘餘。直到最後的保皇派據點皇家費利佩城堡於1826年投降後,戰爭才能結束。
原先,智利允許塔克納和阿里卡於幾年後公投決定從屬。不過,智利不接受條約,兩國都無法確定法定框架。考慮到雙方的取態,美國認定公決已經無法進行。在各方直接談判後,最終於1929年簽訂條約(《1929年利馬條約(英语:Treaty of Lima (1929))》),阿里卡併入智利,秘魯保留塔克納。塔克納於1929年8月29日回歸秘魯。領土喪失與智利在秘魯城市的嚴重洗劫使兩國關係留有至今未解的傷疤。[來源請求]
總統布斯塔曼特·里韋羅(英语:José Bustamante y Rivero)希望藉著限制軍方和寡頭的力量來建立一個更加民主的政府。不過,這位與阿普拉黨合作而當選的總統,不久就與阿亞·德·拉·托雷不和。缺乏了阿普拉黨的支持,布斯塔曼特·里韋羅的施政極其艱難。他解散了阿普拉黨主導的內閣並且換成一個由軍方成員主導的內閣。1948年,大臣曼努埃爾·奧德里亞與其他右翼內閣成員向布斯塔曼特·里韋羅請求禁止阿普拉黨遭到拒絕,此後奧德里亞被解職。
有人擔心他的獨裁統治會無限期地進行,所以當奧德里亞允許舉行新的選舉時,這令人驚訝。當時,費爾南多·貝朗德·特里開始他的政治生涯,並領導民主青年國家陣線提交提名。國家選舉委員會拒絕接受他的候選人資格後,他領導了一場大規模抗議活動,第二天,新聞雜誌《Caretas》刊登了貝朗德舉著國旗的震撼圖片,其文章標題是「Así Nacen Los Lideres」(「領導就是這樣煉成的」)。貝朗德的1956年選舉最終輸給了親獨裁右翼參選人曼努埃爾·普拉多·烏加特切。
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