特林吉特語

特林吉特語（英語：Tlingit language，发音为/ˈklɪŋkɪt/；特林吉特語：Lingít 宽式IPA：/ɬɪŋkɪ́t/^[3]）是美國阿拉斯加東南部及加拿大西部特林吉特人通行的語言，是納－德內語系的成員之一。特林吉特語是一種瀕危語言，現存的母語人口只餘下140人，當中大多數都具備英語能力。現今阿拉斯加正努力保存特林吉特語的語言及文化。

特林吉特語
Tlingit Lingít
发音	/ɬɪŋkɪ́t/
母语国家和地区	美國、加拿大
区域	阿拉斯加、卑斯省、育空、華盛頓州
族群	特林吉特人
母语使用人数	845 (Krauss 1995)
語系	德內-葉尼塞語門 納-德內語系 特林吉特語
文字	拉丁字母（特林吉特字母（英语：Tlingit alphabet））
官方地位
作为官方语言	阿拉斯加州[1]
語言代碼
ISO 639-2	tli
ISO 639-3	tli
ELP	Tlingit
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言[2] 极度危险（UNESCO）

特林吉特語的其中一個特色是：它雖然使用豐富的邊音輔音（/tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬ', ɬ, ɬ'/），但卻不使用最常見的/l/^{[註 1]}。

注釋

1. 雖然[l]在某些較年長的語言人口中存在，但這個音其實是以/n/的同音位出現。不過，若我們把這個音當中是/l/音素的話，那麼，這些說話的人就會連鼻輔音也沒有。

參考資料

1. Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official. npr.org. [2019-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-06）.
2. UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
3. Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; & Bessell, Nicola. Aspects of the phonetics of Tlingit. Anthropological Linguistics. 2001, 43 (2): 135–176.

延伸閱讀

• Beck, David. (2001). "Conventionality and lexical classes", pp. 19–26 in Proceedings of WSCLA 5: The Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas, Gessner, Suzanne; Oh, Sunyoung; & Shiobara, Kayono (eds.). Volume 5 of Working Papers in Linguistics. University of British Columbia: Vancouver, British Columbia.
• Bird, Sonya. (2001). "What is a word? Evidence from a computational approach to Navajo verbal morphology", pp. 27–35 in Proceedings of WSCLA 5: The Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas, Gessner, Suzanne; Oh, Sunyoung; & Shiobara, Kayono (eds.). Volume 5 of Working Papers in Linguistics. University of British Columbia: Vancouver, British Columbia.
• Boas, Franz. (1917). Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians. University of Pennsylvania Museum anthropological publications.
• Cable, Seth. (2004). A metrical analysis of syncope in Tlingit. Manuscript. [1]
• Dauenhauer, Nora M.; & Dauenhauer, Richard (Eds.). (1987). Haa Shuká, Our Ancestors. Number 1 in Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature. University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation: Seattle, Washington.
• ——— (1990). Haa Tuwunáagu Yís, For Healing Our Spirit. Number 2 in Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature. University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation: Seattle, Washington.
• ——— (Eds.). (1994). Haa K̲usteeyí, Our Culture: Tlingit life stories. Number 3 in Classics of Tlingit Oral Literature. University of Washington & Sealaska Heritage Foundation: Seattle, Washington.
• ——— (Eds.). (1995). "A Tlingit ceremonial speech by Willie Marks", pp. 239–244 in Dürr, M; Renner, E.; & Oleschinski, W. (Eds.), Language and Culture in Native North America: Studies in honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow. Number 2 in LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics. LINCOM: Munich, Germany. ISBN 3-89586-004-2.
• ——— (2000). Beginning Tlingit, 4th ed. Sealaska Heritage Foundation Press: Juneau, Alaska. ISBN 0-9679311-1-8. First edition 1994.
• ——— (2002). Lingít X̲'éinax̲ Sá! Say it in Tlingit: A Tlingit phrase book. Sealaska Heritage Institute: Juneau, Alaska. ISBN 0-9679311-1-8.
• ——— (2002). Intermediate Tlingit (draft). Manuscript.
• Dauenhauer, Richard. (1974). Text and context of Tlingit oral tradition. PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin: Madison, Wisconsin.
• Dryer, Matthew. (1985). "Tlingit: An object-initial language?", Canadian Journal of Linguistics 30:1–13.
• Goddard, Pliny Earle. (1920). "Has Tlingit a genetic relationship to Athapascan", International Journal of American Linguistics 1:266–279.
• Leer, Jeffery A. (1979). Proto-Athabaskan Verb Stem Variation, Part One: Phonology. Volume 1 in Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers. Alaska Native Language Center: Fairbanks, Alaska.
• ——— (1990). Tlingit: A portmanteau language family? In P. Baldi (Ed.), Linguistics change and reconstruction methodology (pp. 73–98). Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany.
• ——— (1991). The Schetic Categories of the Tlingit verb. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago Department of Linguistics: Chicago, Illinois.
• ——— (2000). "The negative/irrealis category in Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit", ch. 6 pp. 101–138 in The Athabaskan Languages: Perspectives on a Native American Language Family, Fernald, Theodore B. & Platero, Paul R. (eds.). Volume 24 in Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford University Press: Oxford, England. ISBN 0-19-511947-9.
• Leer, Jeff; Hitch, David; & Ritter, John. (2001). Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary: The dialects spoken by Tlingit elders of Carcross and Teslin, Yukon, and Atlin, British Columbia. Yukon Native Language Center: Whitehorse, Yukon. ISBN 1-55242-227-5.
• Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; & Bessell, Nicola. (2001). Aspects of the phonetics of Tlingit. Anthropological Linguistics 43(2): 135–176.
• Naish, Constance M. (1966). A syntactic study of Tlingit. Master's dissertation. University of North Dakota.
• Naish, Constance M.; & Story, Gillian L. (1973). Tlingit verb dictionary. Summer Institute of Linguistics: College, Alaska. ISBN 0-933769-25-3
• ——— (1996). The English-Tlingit dictionary: Nouns (3rd ed.; H. Davis & J. Leer, Eds.). Sheldon Jackson College: Sitka, Alaska. (Revision of the Naish-Story dictionary of 1963.)
• Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. (1962). "Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages". International Journal of American Linguistics, 28:162–166.
• ——— (1966). Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit: ein Versuch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• ——— (1976). Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte ; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
• Swanton, John. (1911). "Tlingit", pp. 159–204 in Handbook of American Indian Languages. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
• Swanton, John Reed. Tlingit myths and texts. Govt. Printing Office. 1909 [26 August 2012].

外部連結

• Lingít Yoo X̲'atángi: The Tlingit Language
• Tlingit Teaching and Learning Aids
  • Tlingit Noun Dictionary
  • Tlingit Verb Dictionary (unfinished)
  • Tongass Text
• Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts (Tlingit) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Russian Church and Native Alaskan Cultures: Preserving Native Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Yukon Native Language Centre
• Talking about Beliefs: The Alaskan Tlingit language today
• Anash Interactive

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