炻器

炻器（shí，英语：Stoneware）是介于陶器与瓷器之间的陶瓷器^[1]，原料主要是石器土或非耐火的火泥^[2]，吸水率通常小于6％^[3]，有的施釉，有的不施釉^[4]。

炻器这个名称来源于欧洲，本意是石器。日本人翻译时为了表明它不是用石头加工成的，而是经过烧制的，所以加上‘火’字旁，写作炻器。中国传统上没有炻器这一分类，例如定窑烧制的炻器被称为瓷器^[5]。根据欧洲工业标准Combined Nomenclature：

"炻器，虽然致密，防渗，且硬度足以抗拒钢尖刮擦，却不同于瓷器，因为它比较不透明，并通常只是部分地玻璃化。它可能是玻璃质或半玻璃质。颜色通常是灰或褐，因为用于其制造的粘土不纯，通常要上釉。"

炻器按其坯体的细密性，均匀性以及粗糙程度可将炻器分为粗炻器与细炻器两大类。粗炻器常见于工业用的耐酸化工陶瓷^[7]，建筑陶瓷和缸器，细炻器常见于日用炻器和陈设品。^[8]

炻器在公元前2600至前1900年印度河流域文明时期被大量烧制^[9]^[10]^[11]中国在晚商时期出现炻器^[12]，在汉代大量生产^[13]^[14]。宜兴紫砂陶即是一种不施釉的有色细炻器。

欧洲炻器有：

Böttger Ware是一种暗红色的炻器，在欧洲瓷器史上意义重大。^[15]^[16]^[17]
Cane Ware英国18世纪一种浅棕色的炻器。 ^[18]^[19]
Crouch Ware是18世纪初的一种浅色炻器，被认为是英格兰最早的炻器。^[20]
Rosso Anticos是18世纪英格兰一种红色、无釉炻器。^[21]^[22]

炻器土坯常含有铁或碳等杂质，可塑性差异很大^[23]。耐火火泥中高岭石含量高，并有少量的云母和石英。非耐火的火泥主要是云母和长石。^[24]

炻器坯料的化学成分变化范围大致为：SiO2 55～65％；Al2O3 25～35℃；熔剂氧化物总量5～8%。^[25]

瓷器烧制温度从1100 °C至1300 °C不等^[26]。

炻器的吸水率可以低于1%。^[27]

炻器在近代也被辨識出另一個亞類型稱為"無燧炻器"(Flintless Stoneware)，依照1950年英国特殊陶瓷器準則定義為："主體以不含燧石、石英或矽之天然黏土所製造的器具"^[28]

傳統東亞的陶瓷器分類通常只分作"低溫燒製"(low-fired)的陶器和"高溫燒製"(high-fired)的瓷器，沒有介於陶與瓷之間的歐洲式炻器之分，且東亞的炻器在當地大多被歸類為瓷器，不過通常不上釉也非白色的。^[5]

白瓷

[1]
Clay vitrifying temperatures. [2017-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-21）.
[2]
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products: ASTM Standard C242.
[3]
Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.
[4]
Encyclopædia Britannica Jasperware is unglazed stoneware （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[5]
Valenstein, S. (1998).
[6]
Red Wing bailed jug with Jacob Esch advertisement. MNHS Collections. [2017-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-03）.
[7]
Dictionary Of Ceramics.
[8]
F. Singer & S. S. Singer.
[9]
Mark Kenoyer, Jonathan. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press. 1998: 260.
[10]
Satyawadi, Sudha. Proto-Historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization; Study of Painted Motif. D.K. Printworld. July 1, 1994: 324. ISBN 978-8124600306.
[11]
Blackman et all. The Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Characterization Studies. Madison, WI, USA: Prehistory Press. 1992: 37–44.
[12]
Sato, Masahiko.
[13]
Li, He. Chinese Ceramics: A New Comprehensive Survey.
[14]
Rhodes, Daniel.
[15]
The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger - A Systematic Creative Development.
[16]
300th Anniversary.
[17]
Invention Of European Porcelain.
[18]
WedgwoodŽ Official UK Site: Wedgwood China, Fine China Tableware and Gifting. Wedgwood.com. [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2010-08-03）.
[19]
Cane Ware. Wedgwoodsocalif.org. 2012-01-23 [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-23）.
[20]
Salt glazed stoneware.
[21]
Wedgwood Official UK Site: Wedgwood. Wedgwood.com. [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-20）.
[22]
Wedgwood and his imitators.
[23]
Cuff, Yvonne Hutchinson.
[24]
Cripss, J.C.; Reeves, G.M.; and Sims, I. Clay Materials Used in Construction.
[25]
Rhodes, Daniel and Hopper, Robin.
[26]
Paul Rado An Introduction to the Technology of Pottery; 2nd ed.
[27]
W. Ryan & C. Radford.
[28]
Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.

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[temps-1] [1]
Clay vitrifying temperatures. [2017-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-21）.

[2] [2]
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products: ASTM Standard C242.

[Dodd-3] [3]
Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.

[4] [4]
Encyclopædia Britannica Jasperware is unglazed stoneware （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[#1-5] [5]
Valenstein, S. (1998).

[6] [6]
Red Wing bailed jug with Jacob Esch advertisement. MNHS Collections. [2017-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-03）.

[autogenerated1994-7] [7]
Dictionary Of Ceramics.

[8] [8]
F. Singer & S. S. Singer.

[9] [9]
Mark Kenoyer, Jonathan. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press. 1998: 260.

[10] [10]
Satyawadi, Sudha. Proto-Historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization; Study of Painted Motif. D.K. Printworld. July 1, 1994: 324. ISBN 978-8124600306.

[11] [11]
Blackman et all. The Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Characterization Studies. Madison, WI, USA: Prehistory Press. 1992: 37–44.

[12] [12]
Sato, Masahiko.

[13] [13]
Li, He. Chinese Ceramics: A New Comprehensive Survey.

[14] [14]
Rhodes, Daniel.

[15] [15]
The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger - A Systematic Creative Development.

[16] [16]
300th Anniversary.

[17] [17]
Invention Of European Porcelain.

[18] [18]
WedgwoodŽ Official UK Site: Wedgwood China, Fine China Tableware and Gifting. Wedgwood.com. [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2010-08-03）.

[19] [19]
Cane Ware. Wedgwoodsocalif.org. 2012-01-23 [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-23）.

[20] [20]
Salt glazed stoneware.

[21] [21]
Wedgwood Official UK Site: Wedgwood. Wedgwood.com. [2012-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-20）.

[22] [22]
Wedgwood and his imitators.

[23] [23]
Cuff, Yvonne Hutchinson.

[24] [24]
Cripss, J.C.; Reeves, G.M.; and Sims, I. Clay Materials Used in Construction.

[25] [25]
Rhodes, Daniel and Hopper, Robin.

[26] [26]
Paul Rado An Introduction to the Technology of Pottery; 2nd ed.

[27] [27]
W. Ryan & C. Radford.

[28] [28]
Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.

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炻器

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