研究人員格蘭傑·摩根等人（Granger Morgan et al.，2009年）[52]提出在面臨高度不確定性時，有兩種特別具有吸引力的相關決策管理策略。第一個是韌性策略，目的是找出一系列可能的未來情況，然後選擇在所有狀況中都能發揮良好作用的方法。第二個是調適性策略。此想法是選擇可隨著未來進程之內學習到更多，而作改進的策略。格蘭傑·摩根等人將這兩種方法與成本效益方法進行對比，以找出最佳策略。[52]
決策分析中於採用選擇標準時具有主觀的性質。[60]這種標準選擇是在分析之外進行的（外源性變數，參見外源性與內生性變數（英语：Exogenous and endogenous variables））。會影響作此選擇的因素之一是看待風險的態度。風險迴避描述的是某人願意或不願意承擔風險的程度。有證據顯示大多數（但非全部）個人更喜歡某些由不確定性產生的結果。有迴避風險傾向的個人喜歡減少最壞可能結果的決策標準，而尋求風險的人則喜歡將最佳可能結果極大化的決策標準。就投資報酬率而言，如果整個社會是傾向迴避風險的，可能會願意接受一些預期回報為負的投資，例如緩解措施。[61]此類投資可能有助於減少未來氣候損害的可能性，或是降低調適成本。
聯合國溫室氣體排放差距報告（UN Emissions Gap Report，2021年發表） 顯示最富有，佔全球人口1%的溫室氣體排放數量，是全球最貧窮，佔全球人口50%排放量的兩倍多。為達成控制全球升溫在1.5°C之內，前者必須將當前的排放減少達到30的倍數，而後者只需減少達到3的倍數即可。[84]全球不同所得地區的二氧化碳排放量各不相同，但常態是所得越高群組的排放量也會越高。[85]全球高所得，頂端1%人口的排放量是低所得，底層1%人口的一千倍。[85]
國際勞工組織於2019年發表標題為《在更溫暖的星球上工作：熱壓力對勞動生產力和合宜工作的影響》的報告，稱即使將氣溫上升限制在1.5°C，到2030年的氣候變化每年造成的生產力損失將達到所有工作時數的2.2%。這相當於8,000萬個全職工作崗位，即2.4兆美元。預計受影響最嚴重的部門是農業，預計將佔所有損失的60%。建築業預計也會受到嚴重影響，佔損失的19%。其他面臨最大風險的部門是環境產品和服務、廢棄物收集、醫療急救、維修、交通運輸、旅遊、體育和某些形式的工業工作。[120][121]估計全球每年有350萬人因燃燒化石燃料所造成的空氣污染而過早死亡。[122]達成氣候目標，取得的健康效益遠超過採取行動而產生的成本。[123]逐步淘汰化石燃料對健康的好處以金錢衡量（由經濟學家根據每個國家的生命價值（英语：value of life）估算）遠高於達成《巴黎協定》中設定升溫不超過2°C目標所需的成本。[124]
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