巡航定速
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
巡航定速（英语：Cruise Control），是安装在汽车中能够自动控制车辆行驶速度的装置。巡航定速有时也被厂家称为定速巡航、速度控制（英语：Speed Control）或自动巡航（英语：Autocruise）。
在驾车行驶过程中，驾驶员可以启动巡航定速，之后不需再踩油门，车辆既可按照一定的速度前进。在巡航定速启动后，驾驶员也可透过巡航定速的手动调整装置，对车速进行小幅度调整，而无需踩油门。需要超車時可踩下油門踏板加速，超車完成後放開油門踏板則車輛會自動回到原本所設定的速度，當需要減速時，按鈕取消或踩下煞車踏板即可自動解除定速巡航，駕駛員可再按鈕重新以先前設定的速度恢復定速巡航。
在平缓的道路上，使用巡航定速可以保持车辆匀速行驶，减少耗油量；在长途驾驶时，巡航定速装置可以把驾驶员的脚从油门踏板上解放出来，从而减少疲劳程度；在有限速的路段，驾驶员可以运用巡航定速控制车速，不再看速度表，把注意力放在路面上，从而可以促进安全。
除了最基本能夠維持恆定速度的定速巡航系統以外，還有更先進的版本如「適應巡航控制」（ACC, Adaptive Cruise Control）、協同適應巡航控制（CACC, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control）等等能夠與其他車輛或交通管制設施配合，以提高駕駛安全性以及行車效率。
「適應巡航控制」（ACC, Adaptive Cruise Control）或「自動跟車」，除了可依照駕駛者所設定速度行駛外，還會利用雷達、雷射，或立體攝影機偵測與前車間的距離，當距離過近時會主動減速，自動調節車速以保持與前方車輛的安全距離。當前車加速或離開時，它會再自動加速至原先所設定的速度。ACC技術被廣泛認為是未來幾代智能汽車的關鍵組成部分。它們透過保持車輛之間的最佳間隔和減少駕駛員錯誤來影響駕駛員的安全性和便利性以及增加道路容量。具有適應巡航控制的車輛被認為是SAE International定義的1級 自動駕駛汽車。
「協同適應巡航控制」（CACC, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control）不同於一般定速巡航系統基於車載傳感器的傳感器資訊的限制，而能利用從固定基礎設施或其他車輛收集資訊，進一步達成更有效率的行車控制。如整合衛星、道路號誌、路邊基礎設施、路邊信標、移動基礎設施或其他車輛提供的資訊，他可以在前方道路壅塞時主動提前降低速度，避免意外也提昇燃油效率。
基於激光的系統不會在惡劣天氣條件下檢測和跟踪車輛，也不能可靠地跟踪臟（因而非反射）車輛。必須暴露基於激光的傳感器，傳感器（相當大的黑匣子）通常位於下格柵中，偏向一側。
基於雷達的傳感器可隱藏在塑料面板後面; 然而，面板可能看起來與沒有該特徵的車輛不同。例如，梅賽德斯 - 奔馳將雷達包裝在中間的上格柵後面，並在一個堅固的塑料面板後面，該塑料面板塗有板條以模擬格柵其餘部分的外觀。
單雷達系統是最常見的。涉及多個傳感器的系統使用兩個類似的硬件傳感器，如2010款奧迪A8 或2010款大眾途銳，或一個中央遠程雷達，以及兩個短雷達傳感器，放置在車輛的角落，如BMW 5和6系列。
最近的發展是雙目計算機視覺系統，例如Subaru在2013年推出的美國市場。這些系統的前置攝像頭安裝在後視鏡的兩側，並使用數字處理從兩個攝像頭視圖之間的視差中提取深度信息。
基於雷達的ACC通常具有預碰撞系統，該系統在發生碰撞的高風險時警告駕駛員和/或提供製動支撐。此外，在某些汽車中，它與車道維護系統結合在一起，當巡航控制系統被激活時，該系統提供動力轉向輔助以減少拐角處的轉向輸入負擔。
具有多個傳感器的系統可以實施傳感器融合以整合來自的數據以改善安全性和/或駕駛體驗。GPS數據可以向系統通知地理特徵，例如高速公路的offramp。相機系統可以注意到駕駛員行為，例如剎車燈和/或轉向燈。這可能允許跟隨汽車透過出口解釋轉彎信號，因為領先的汽車將退出，因此不需要跟隨汽車減速。的多傳感器系統還可以注意到的交通標誌/信號，而不是，例如，違反紅色光，同時此之後越過信號改變之前的車輛。
預測系統根據其他車輛行為的預測來修改速度。這樣的系統可以對預測的行為進行更早，更溫和的調整，從而提高安全性和乘客舒適度。一個示例是預測在受控車輛前方移動的相鄰車道中的車輛的可能性。一個系統在車道變化發生之前預測車道變化最多五秒。
ACC的三個主要類別是：
| Make | Full speed range ACC | Partial cruise control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Models | Notes | Models | Notes | |
| Aftermarket | Any Vehicle 1990+ | Uses OpenCV with no braking.
Motor Authority Review[1] | ||
| Acura | RLX (2014+), MDX (2014+), TLX (2015+) | 2005 RL, MDX, ZDX, 2016 MDX is 0 mph type, 2016 ILX,[2] RDX[3] | ||
| Alfa Romeo | Giulia (2016+) | Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go[4] | ||
| Audi | A8, A7 (2010+), A6 (2011+); A7 (2013+), Q7 (2007+), A3 Prestige (2013+), Q5 (2013+) | Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go | A3, A4, A5, Q5, A6, A7, A8 (also uses data from navigation and front camera sensors),[5] Q7 | |
| Bentley | Continental GT (2009+) | Follow-to-Stop option | ||
| BMW | 5-series (2007+), 7-series (2009+), X5 (2011+)[6] excl Diesel, 3-series (2013+), i3 (2014+), X3 (2014+) | Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go | Series 7, 5, 6, 3 (2000+), Mini (2014+) | Stop & Go/Lane Assist controls steering for up to 30 seconds of hands-off driving. Highway driving only. Available on 3, 5, 6 and 7 models.
Active Cruise Control[7] |
| Buick | Lacrosse (2014+)[8] | |||
| Cadillac | XTS, ATS, SRX (2013+), CTS (2014+), ELR, Escalade (2015+ Premium trim) | Also includes full power automatic braking under 20 mph | 2004 XLR, 2005 STS, 2006 DTS (shuts off below 25 mph) | |
| Chevrolet | Impala (2014+), Malibu (2016+), Volt (2017+) | Tahoe/Suburban (2015+) | ||
| Chrysler | 200c (2015+), 300 (2015+ in S, C, or C Platinum trims), Pacifica (2017+ in Touring L Plus or Limited trims) | Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go.[9] | 2007–2014 300C | laser, for a limited time, now uses a Bosch radar-based system |
| Dodge | Charger (2015+), Challenger (2015+) | 2011 Charger, 2011 Durango | radar, by Bosch | |
| Ford | Everest (2015+, Trend and Titanium models only),[10] Fusion (2017+) | Adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go (optional) | 2015+ F150[11] 2011+Explorer, 2017+ Fiesta, 2013+ Ford FLEX, 2006 Mondeo, 2013 Kuga, 2013+ Fusion, S-Max, Galaxy, 2010+ Taurus, 2011+ Edge | Disables and does not work or brake under 20 mph; - Radar[12] Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support |
| Honda | Accord (2018+)[13], CRV (2017+), Available with Honda Sensing package (2016+) | Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) with Low-Speed Follow | 2003 Inspire, 2005 Legend, 2013 Accord (USA), 2007 CR-V series III, 2015 Honda CRV, 2016+ Honda Pilot[14], 2018 Honda Odyssey （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） | Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Mitigating Braking System with Honda Sensing[15] |
| Hyundai | Azera (2011+), Equus (2012+), Genesis (2015+), Sonata (2015+), Santa Fe (2017+), Santa Fe Sport (2017+), Ioniq (2017+) | Genesis (2010+), Elantra (2017+) | ||
| Infiniti | EX (2010+)*, Q50 (2014+) | older laser based system* | 2006 EX, M, Q45, QX56, G35, FX35/45/50, G37 | shuts off below 3 mph, EX: in North America as an option, shuts off below 40 km/h |
| Jaguar | 1999 XK-R, S-Type, XJ, XF | |||
| Jeep | Cherokee (2014+, Limited and TrailHawk Models), Grand Cherokee (2012+)[16] | Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) - Stop/Start again option on 2017 models but not prior models. | 2011–2013 Grand Cherokee (Option on Limited & Overland, standard on Summit) | radar, by Bosch
disengages below 15 mph[17] |
| Kia | Cadenza (2014+), Sedona (2015+), K900 (2015+), Optima (2016+), Sorento (2016+), Niro (2017+) | Advanced Smart Cruise Control (ASCC) | ||
| Land Rover | Range Rover (2013+) | Range Rover Sport | ||
| Lincoln | Continental (2017+),[18] MKZ (2017+)[19] | Adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go. | MKS (2009+), MKT (2010+), MKX (2011+), MKZ (2013+), MKC (2015+) | Radar[12] Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support |
| Lexus | LS 460 (2006+), GS hybrid (2013+), GS non-hybrid (2016+), RX (2016+), RX hybrid (2016+), NX (2015+), NX hybrid (2015+) | Dynamic Radar Cruise Control LS 460 full ACC not available in US until 2013 |
2000 LS430/460 (laser and radar), RX (laser and radar), GS, IS, ES 350, and LX 570 (shuts off below 25 mph) | |
| Mazda | CX-5, CX-9 (2017+)[20] | Mazda6 (2014+), Mazda3, CX-5 (2016+) | Radar Cruise Control and Forward Obstruction Warning[21] | |
| Mitsubishi | Outlander (2014+) | |||
| Mercedes-Benz | S (2006+), B, E, CLS, CL (2009+); A, CLA, M, G, GL (2013+) | Distronic Plus | 1998 S, E, CLS, SL, CL, M, GL, CLK, 2012 C | Distronic |
| Nissan | Murano (2015+), Maxima (2016+), Altima (2016+), Sentra (2017+), Leaf (2018+) | Stops vehicle but resets after 3 seconds, requiring brake application to sit still and setting cruise speed again. | 1998 Cima, Primera T-Spec Models | Intelligent Cruise Control |
| Porsche | Panamera (2010+); Cayenne (2011+), Cayman (2013+), Boxster(2012+) | Porsche Active Safe (PAS), PDK transmission only. | ||
| Seat | León (2012+), Ateca[22] | |||
| Skoda | Octavia (2013+), Fabia (2014+), Superb (2014+) | |||
| Subaru | Legacy, Outback (2013+), Forester (2014+), Impreza (2015+), WRX (2016+), Crosstrek (2016+) | 0 mph EyeSight[23][24] Non-Radar Camera System | ||
| Suzuki | Swift 2017+ | Vitara (2015+), Sx4 Scross (2016+) | radar | |
| Tesla | Model S (late 2014+), Model X, Model 3 | Traffic-Aware Cruise Control (TACC)[25] with Stop-and-Go | ||
| Toyota | Prius + Prius Prime (2016+), Camry (2018+), C-HR (2018+), Avalon (2017+), Land Cruiser (2018+), Rav 4 (2017+) R[26] | 1997 Celsior, 2004 Sienna (XLE Limited Edition), Avalon, Sequoia (Platinum Edition), Avensis, 2009 Corolla (Japan),[27] 2017+ Corolla,[28] 2010 Prius, 2013+ Prius v,[29] 2014+ Highlander,[30] 2015+ Camry,[31] 2016+ RAV4[32] | Dynamic Laser Cruise Control (DLCC) on 2009+ Sienna XLE Limited, Avalon Limited and Sequoia Platinum shuts off below 25 mph (US)[33] | |
| Vauxhall / Opel | Insignia, Zafira Tourer (on selected variants of SE, SRi, Elite, VXR), Astra | |||
| Volkswagen | Phaeton (2010+), Passat B8 (2014+), Touareg (2011+) Golf Mk7 (2013+), Polo (2014+), Jetta (2016+ SEL Trim), Tiguan SEL (2018+), ATLAS SEL (2018+) | Tiguan SEL and ATLAS SEL (2018+) ACC stop-and-go | Passat, Phaeton all generations, Touareg | |
| Volvo | All Volvo models 2015+
Also before 2015 ACC was available on V40, S60,[34] V60, XC60, V70, XC70 and S80 |
ACC also includes automatic braking. Newest models feature full power auto-brake with pedestrian and cyclist detection. | ||
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