安达卢斯

安達盧斯（阿拉伯语：الأندلس‎；Al-Andalus）是穆斯林在中世紀對伊比利亞半島的稱呼。 ^[1]全盛時期包括大部分伊比利亞半島^[2]和今天南法的塞蒂馬尼亞。這詞語也指半島被阿拉伯和柏柏爾政權（西方稱摩爾人）統治的711年－1492年這段時期，而基督教王國收復失地運動的進程亦不斷改變這一地域的界線，^[3]^[4]^[5]結果它萎縮到南部並最終只指小小的格拉納達酋長國。今天西班牙南部的安達盧西亞因此得名。

安達盧斯的範圍於711年伍麥葉王朝剛剛征服西班牙後達到全盛。在倭馬亞王朝統治時期，安達盧斯被劃分為五個行政區，對應今天的安達盧西亞；葡萄牙與加利西亞；卡斯蒂利亞與萊昂；納瓦拉、亞拉岡與加泰羅尼亞；以及奧克西塔尼大區的朗格多克-魯西永。 ^[6]政治上，它相繼作為倭馬亞王朝、科爾多瓦酋長國、後倭馬亞王朝和西班牙地區諸「泰法」王國的政區。各國的統治促進了穆斯林與基督徒的文化交流和協作。基督徒和猶太人要向穆斯林王國提交額外的人頭稅，以獲得信仰自由和同等保護。

在後倭馬亞王朝的經營下，安達盧斯成為了學術的燈塔，而首府科爾多瓦還成為了全地中海盆地、歐洲和伊斯蘭世界最頂尖的經濟及文化中心之一，兼歐洲最大城市。許多先進的伊斯蘭和西方科學來自安達盧斯，例如伊本·弗納斯（英语：Abbas Ibn Firnas）（Ibn Firnas）發明的第一款滑翔機，三角學、天文學、手術、藥劑、農業學的其他成就，以及伊本·魯世德的傑作。安達盧斯成為歐洲和地中海沿岸地區的主要教育中心，並成為伊斯蘭世界和基督教世界之間進行文化和科學交流的渠道。 ^[7]

在歷史上的大部分時間，安達盧斯一直與北方的基督教王國起衝突。後倭馬亞王朝滅亡後，安達盧斯分裂出多個小國。而基督教王國的攻勢亦日益凌厲，以卡斯蒂利亞為主。穆拉比特王朝介入並擋住了基督教陣營的攻勢，廢除了一些較弱的安達盧斯親王國，以及建立了柏柏爾人對安達盧斯的直接統治。在後一個半世紀，安達盧斯受到了都城位於馬拉喀什的柏柏爾帝國，穆拉比特王朝與穆瓦希德王朝的統治。

最終，北方的基督教王國壓過了南部的伊斯蘭國家，向南推進。 1085年，阿方索六世攻下了托萊多，開始了伊斯蘭勢力的衰落。隨著1236年科爾多瓦的陷落，南部大部分地方已經落到基督教王國手上，格拉納達酋長國兩年以後也成為了卡斯蒂利亞王國的附庸。 1249年，葡萄牙的收復失地運動以征服阿爾加維作結，使格拉納達酋長國成為半島僅存的伊斯蘭國家。最後，在1492年1月2日，^[8]格拉納達伊瑪目穆罕默德十二世向卡斯蒂利亞女王伊莎貝拉一世投降，基督教王國的收復失地運動完成。

「安達盧斯」（الأندلس）一詞最早可見於716年新穆斯林政府在西班牙鑄造的硬幣。 ^[9]這些硬幣（稱為第納爾）同時具有拉丁文和阿拉伯文。 ^[10]^[11]傳統認為「安達盧斯」由汪達爾人的名稱轉寫而成，但20世紀80年代以來的提議挑戰了這一傳統。 ^[12]有人提出它從阿特蘭蒂斯一詞演變成，^[13]有人提出它源自哥特語詞語「*landahlauts」，^[14]甚至有人提出它的源頭早於羅馬時代以前。 ^[15]

伍麥葉時期

伍麥葉哈里發瓦利德一世統治時期，穆斯林將軍齊亞德帶領一眾柏柏爾人於711年登陸於今直布羅陀地區，並且在瓜達萊特戰爭中擊敗以篡位上任的西哥特國王羅德里克。之後，齊亞德將軍在獲得馬格里布總督努塞爾的軍事援助後便往北征服，並且在717年時跨越比利牛斯山征服塞普提曼尼亞。

[1]
Camilo Gómez-Rivas. Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib. Brill. 21 November 2014: 1, note 3 [2020-04-25]. ISBN 978-90-04-27984-1. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[2]
Fernando Luis Corral. The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230. Natalie Fryde; Dirk Reitz (编). Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times. LIT Verlag Münster. 2009: 67 [2020-04-25]. ISBN 978-3-8258-9478-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[3]
"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas - siquiera temporalmente - por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, Espana y Francia" ("For the medieval Arab authors, al-Andalus designates all the conquered areas - even temporarily - by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Portugal, Spain and France"), José Ángel García de Cortázar（西班牙语：José Ángel García de Cortázar）, V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p.52.
[4]
"Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de al-andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo : la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica." ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used t he name of al-Andalus to all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania"), Eloy Benito Ruano（西班牙语：Eloy Benito Ruano）, Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media, Real Academia de la Historia, 2000, p.79.
[5]
"Andalus, al-" Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 12 June 2006.
[6]
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1983-10-31: 142 [2020-04-23]. ISBN 0801468728. OCLC 907117391. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[7]
Covington, Richard. Arndt, Robert , 编. Rediscovering Arabic Science. Saudi Aramco World (Aramco Services Company). 2007, 58 (3): 2–16 [2020-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.
[8]
Pigna, Felipe. La Reconquista española. El Historiador. 2018-02-06 [2020-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-08）（西班牙语）.
[9]
Sabine Panzram; Laurent Callegarin. Entre civitas y madina: El mundo de las ciudades en la península ibérica y en el norte de África (siglos IV-IX). Casa de Velázquez. 22 November 2018: 145 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-84-9096-227-5. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[10]
Michael L. Bates. The Islamic Coinage of Spain. Jerrilynn D. Dodds (编). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992: 384 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-0-87099-636-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[11]
Thomas F. Glick. Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. 2005: 21 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 90-04-14771-3. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[12]
Cantó, Pablo. De dónde vienen los nombres de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas. El País (Prisa). 9 September 2016 [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（西班牙语）.
[13]
Joaquín Vallvé. La división territorial de la España musulmana. Instituto de Filología. 1986: 55–59 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-84-00-06295-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
[14]
Halm, H einz. Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors. Der Islam. 1989, 66 (2): 252–263. doi:10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252.
[15]
Bossong, Georg. Restle, David; Zaefferer, Dietmar , 编. Der Name al-Andalus: neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem [The Name al-Andalus: Revisiting an Old Problem] (PDF). Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton). 2002, 141: 149 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-3-11-089465-3. ISSN 1861-4302. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-06-27）（德语）. Only a few years after the Islamic conquest of Spain, Al-Andalus appears in coin inscriptions as the Arabic equivalent of Hispania. The traditionally held view that the etymology of this name has to do with the Vandals is shown to have no serious foundation. The phonetic, morphosyntactic, and historical problems connected with this etymology are too numerous. Mo reover, the existence of this name in various parts of central and northern Spain proves that Al-Andalus cannot be derived from this Germanic tribe. It was the original name of the Punta Marroquí cape near Tarifa; very soon, it became generalized to designate the whole Peninsula. Undoubtedly, the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin. The parts of this compound (anda and luz) are frequent in the indigenous toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula.

[Gómez-Rivas2014-1] [1]
Camilo Gómez-Rivas. Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib. Brill. 21 November 2014: 1, note 3 [2020-04-25]. ISBN 978-90-04-27984-1. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[FrydeReitz2009-2] [2]
Fernando Luis Corral. The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230. Natalie Fryde; Dirk Reitz (编). Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times. LIT Verlag Münster. 2009: 67 [2020-04-25]. ISBN 978-3-8258-9478-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[3] [3]
"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas - siquiera temporalmente - por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, Espana y Francia" ("For the medieval Arab authors, al-Andalus designates all the conquered areas - even temporarily - by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Portugal, Spain and France"), José Ángel García de Cortázar（西班牙语：José Ángel García de Cortázar）, V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p.52.

[4] [4]
"Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de al-andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo : la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica." ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used t he name of al-Andalus to all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania"), Eloy Benito Ruano（西班牙语：Eloy Benito Ruano）, Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media, Real Academia de la Historia, 2000, p.79.

[5] [5]
"Andalus, al-" Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 12 June 2006.

[6] [6]
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1983-10-31: 142 [2020-04-23]. ISBN 0801468728. OCLC 907117391. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[rediscScience-7] [7]
Covington, Richard. Arndt, Robert , 编. Rediscovering Arabic Science. Saudi Aramco World (Aramco Services Company). 2007, 58 (3): 2–16 [2020-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.

[8] [8]
Pigna, Felipe. La Reconquista española. El Historiador. 2018-02-06 [2020-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-08）（西班牙语）.

[PanzramCallegarin2018-9] [9]
Sabine Panzram; Laurent Callegarin. Entre civitas y madina: El mundo de las ciudades en la península ibérica y en el norte de África (siglos IV-IX). Casa de Velázquez. 22 November 2018: 145 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-84-9096-227-5. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[MMOA-10] [10]
Michael L. Bates. The Islamic Coinage of Spain. Jerrilynn D. Dodds (编). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992: 384 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-0-87099-636-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[Glick2005-11] [11]
Thomas F. Glick. Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. 2005: 21 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 90-04-14771-3. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[12] [12]
Cantó, Pablo. De dónde vienen los nombres de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas. El País (Prisa). 9 September 2016 [15 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（西班牙语）.

[Vallvé1986-13] [13]
Joaquín Vallvé. La división territorial de la España musulmana. Instituto de Filología. 1986: 55–59 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-84-00-06295-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.

[Halm1989-14] [14]
Halm, H einz. Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors. Der Islam. 1989, 66 (2): 252–263. doi:10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252.

[Bossong2002-15] [15]
Bossong, Georg. Restle, David; Zaefferer, Dietmar , 编. Der Name al-Andalus: neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem [The Name al-Andalus: Revisiting an Old Problem] (PDF). Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton). 2002, 141: 149 [2020-04-22]. ISBN 978-3-11-089465-3. ISSN 1861-4302. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-06-27）（德语）. Only a few years after the Islamic conquest of Spain, Al-Andalus appears in coin inscriptions as the Arabic equivalent of Hispania. The traditionally held view that the etymology of this name has to do with the Vandals is shown to have no serious foundation. The phonetic, morphosyntactic, and historical problems connected with this etymology are too numerous. Mo reover, the existence of this name in various parts of central and northern Spain proves that Al-Andalus cannot be derived from this Germanic tribe. It was the original name of the Punta Marroquí cape near Tarifa; very soon, it became generalized to designate the whole Peninsula. Undoubtedly, the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin. The parts of this compound (anda and luz) are frequent in the indigenous toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula.

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伍麥葉時期

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安达卢斯

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