原子論 - Wikiwand

原子論（英語：Atomism，來自古希臘語atomos，含義為“不可分割”），是在一些古代傳統中發展出的一種自然哲學。原子論者將自然世界理論化為由兩基本部分所構成：不可分割的原子和空無的虛空（void）。

簡介

依據亞里士多德引述的原子論觀點，原子是不可構造的和永恆不變的，並且形狀和大小有無窮的變化。它們在空無（empty）中移動，相互碰離，有時變成與一個或多個其他原子相鉤結而形成聚簇（cluster）。不同形狀、排列和位置的聚簇引起世界上各種宏觀物質（substance）。^[1]^[2]

德谟克利特和留基伯

德谟克利特和留基伯声称，真空或虚空（void or empty space）将原子分散开来，使其能够自由运动。当原子运动时，它们可能会相互碰撞并形成新的排列方式，从而导致物质发生变化。两位思想家认为这些永恒的原子数量是无限的，但可以组合成不同结构的数量是有限的。^[3]这解释了为什么不同物质存在固定的量。例如，在我们死后，构成身体的原子并不会腐烂消失，而是分散并重新组合。德谟克利特和留基伯提出了完整且机械论性质的宇宙观，并没有依赖于神或众神概念。他们还揭示了物质的基本属性，这对于物理科学的发展尤其重要，在17世纪至20世纪之间彻底改变了科学界对于原子理论。^[4]^[5]^[6]

溯源

對原子概念的記述可以上溯到古希臘和古印度。在西方，對原子的記述出現在公元前5世紀留基伯和德謨克利特的著作中^[7]。有人將印度的耆那教^[8]^[9]的原子論認定為開創者大雄在公元前6世紀提出，並將與其同時代六師外道的正命論（英语：Ājīvika）和順世派先驅的元素思想也稱為原子論^[10]。對於印度文化影響希臘還是反之，亦或二者獨立演化迄今仍存在爭議。^[11]

在古印度哲學中，正理派和勝論派後來發展出了原子如何組合成更複雜物體的理論。^[12]佛教中，在對應於元素論的四界學說基礎上，发展出了對應原子論的極微學說，後來進一步演繹出成規模體系的色聚理論。

註解

[1]
Aristotle, Metaphysics I, 4, 985^b 10–15.
[2]
Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/atomism-ancient/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[3]
Gomes, Gustavo Laet. The elementary role of the so-called differences in the atomism of Leucippus and Democritus. Prometheus - Journal of Philosophy. 2019-04-20, 11 (29). ISSN 2176-5960. doi:10.52052/issn.2176-5960.pro.v11i29.9101.
[4]
Godfrey, Raymond. Democritus and the Impossibility of Collision. Philosophy. 1990-04, 65 (252). ISSN 0031-8191. doi:10.1017/s0031819100064494.
[5]
Agostini, Cristina de Souza; Silveira, Isabel Porto da; Polla, Cauê Cardoso. Scientific Evolution of Philosophical Concepts of the Origins of Universe and Life. Revista Archai. 2021-12-10, (31). ISSN 1984-249X. doi:10.14195/1984-249x_31_16.
[6]
Bury, R. G. The Origin of Atomism. The Classical Review. 1916-02, 30 (1). ISSN 0009-840X. doi:10.1017/s0009840x0000946x.
[7]
The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999, ISBN 0-8020-4390-9, pp. 157-158.
[8]
Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X. OCLC 10916778.
[9]
Iannone, A. Pablo. Dictionary of World Philosophy. Routledge. 2001: 83,356 [2011-12-14]. ISBN 0415179955. OCLC 44541769. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.
[10]
Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies ISBN 1-58115-203-5, Allwarth Press, 2002, p. 317-321.
[11]
Teresi, Dick. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science. Simon & Schuster. 2003: 213–214. ISBN 074324379X.
[12]
Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, , Edinburgh University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-7486-0954-7, pp. 105-107.

參考書目

Clericuzio, Antonio. Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
Cornford, Francis MacDonald. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
Dijksterhuis, E. The Mechanization of the World Picture. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-02396-4
Firth, Raymond. Religion: A Humanist Interpretation. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-12897-8.
Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: history and sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X
Gardet, L. "djuz'" in Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Gregory, Joshua C. A Short History of Atomism. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981.
Kargon, Robert Hugh. Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN 0-521-09456-9
Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek Science After Aristotle. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-00780-4
Marmara, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought." Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973-74. online at the of Virginia Electronic Text Center（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Redondi, Pietro. Galileo Heretic. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-691-02426-X
McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5.

參見

外部連結

查看维基词典中的词条「atomism」。

Dictionary of the History of Ideas: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atomism in the Seventeenth Century
Jonathan Schaffer, "Is There a Fundamental Level?" Nous 37 (2003): 498-517.[1] Article by a philosopher who opposes atomism
Article on traditional Greek atomism（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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簡介

德谟克利特和留基伯

溯源

參考書目

Clericuzio, Antonio. Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
Cornford, Francis MacDonald. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957.
Dijksterhuis, E. The Mechanization of the World Picture. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-02396-4
Firth, Raymond. Religion: A Humanist Interpretation. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-12897-8.
Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. Indian Atomism: history and sources. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. ISBN 0-391-02177-X
Gardet, L. "djuz'" in Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Gregory, Joshua C. A Short History of Atomism. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981.
Kargon, Robert Hugh. Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN 0-521-09456-9
Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek Science After Aristotle. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-00780-4
Marmara, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought." Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973-74. online at the of Virginia Electronic Text Center（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
Redondi, Pietro. Galileo Heretic. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-691-02426-X
McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5.

外部連結