世界體系理論

世界體系理論（英語：world-systems theory）^[1]，是由萨米尔·阿明、阿銳基、安德烈·冈德·弗兰克與伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人創建的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論，應用於全球史和社会变迁。該理論強調將世界體系（英语：world-system）（而非民族國家）作為主要（但不是唯一的）的社會分析（英语：social analysis）單元。^[1]

20世紀後期国际贸易地位的世界地圖，依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟（藍）、半邊陲經濟（黃）和邊陲經濟（紅）。依據Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)繪製。

「世界體系」是指跨區域和跨國的勞動分工，它將世界分成了核心經濟、半邊陲經濟和邊陲經濟。^[2]核心經濟專注於高科技、资本密集型的生產，而世界的其餘部分則要進行低技術、勞動密集型生產以及原材料的開採。^[3]這一體系時刻都在強化核心國家的支配地位。^[3]然而，該體系也有動態性，部分是由於运输方式的變革，以及單個國家可能會獲得/失去其核心/半邊緣/邊緣的地位。^[3]這種結構是由勞動分工統一起來的。它是植根於资本主义經濟的世界經濟。^[4]在一段時間內，某些國家成為世界霸權；在過去的幾個世紀裏，隨着世界體系在地理上擴展、經濟上強化，霸主的地位從荷蘭轉移到了英國，最近又轉移到了美国。^[3]

緣起

世界體系理論發跡於20世紀70年代。^[1]其理論基礎主要在社会学，但已發展成為非常跨學科的理論。^[2]世界體系理論試圖取代現代化理論的地位，華勒斯坦對現代化理論的批判主要有以下三點：^[2]

1. 它以民族國家作為唯一的分析單元（英语：unit of analysis）
2. 它假定所有國家只有同一條發展路徑
3. 它無視限制了地方和國家發展的跨國結構。

該理論有三個主要的來源：年鑑學派、马克思主义傳統，以及依附理論。^[2][5]其中，年鑑學派传统（尤其是費爾南·布勞岱爾）对華勒斯坦在於將長時期的過程和將地理-生態區域作為分析單元（英语：unit of analysis）。马克思主义增加了對社會衝突（英语：social conflict）的強調，關注資本積累（英语：capital accumulation）過程和競爭性的阶级斗争，關注相關的總體，社會形態的短暫性以及矛盾衝突的辯證運動。而依附理論是一套對發展過程的新馬克思主義解釋。

傳統馬克思主義中也有對帝國主義的探討，列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端。世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

其他對世界體系理論產生影響的有卡尔·波兰尼、尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫^[6]和约瑟夫·熊彼特等學者（特別是他們對商業週期和三種基本經濟組織模式概念的研究：互惠模式、再分配模式和市場模式，華勒斯坦將其重新定義為對微型系統、世界帝國和世界經濟的討論）。

華勒斯坦認為，資本主義世界經濟的發展對世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。^[7]他認為，20世紀70年代以來的時期是一個「過渡時代」，它將讓位於一個（或多個）未來的世界體系，其結構無法預先確定。^[8]

世界體系的主要思想家有奥利弗·考克斯（英语：Oliver Cox）、萨米尔·阿明、阿銳基、安德烈·岡德·法蘭克，以及伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦，其他主要貢獻者有克里斯托弗·蔡斯-邓恩（英语：Christopher Chase-Dunn）、贝弗里·西尔弗（英语：Beverly Silver）、珍妮特·阿布-卢格霍德（英语：Janet Abu Lughod）、李民骐、库尼伯特·拉弗（英语：Kunibert Raffer）等人。^[2]

内容

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團，「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家，「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國，另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制，邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說：

世界體系是一個社會體系，它有其邊界、結構、成員團體、合法性規則及凝聚性。它的生命由各種相衝突的力量構成，它們以張力聚合之，又隨著各團體試圖為己重塑這套體系而拆解之。它具有有機體的特徵，因為在其生命期中有些特徵在某些方面改變了，而在另一些方面則保持穩定。人們可以按照它功能的內在邏輯，定義其結構在不同時間的強或弱。^[9]

至於時間向度，華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色：週期節律代表經濟的短期波動，華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫的長波理論，指出資本主義具有約40－50年的擴張-收縮週期，而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。長期趨勢一如其名，代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。矛盾是系統內的一般爭議，通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是危機，這也代表該系統的終結。

參見

• 大歷史
• 依附理论 (国际政治经济学)
• 結構主義經濟學
• 第三空间理论（英语：Third Space Theory）
• 第三场所（英语：Third place）
• 混杂性（英语：Hybridity）
• 后殖民主义
• 一般系統理論
• 中世纪伊斯兰教地理学和制图学（英语：Geography and cartography in medieval Islam）
• 全球化
• 國際關係理論
• 周期列表（英语：List of cycles）
• 社会周期论（英语：Social cycle theory）
• 社会控制论（英语：Sociocybernetics）
• 系统哲学（英语：Systems philosophy）
• 系統思維
• 战争周期（英语：War cycles）
• 等级理论（英语：Hierarchy theory）

参考文献

1. Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK
2. Barfield, Thomas (编). The dictionary of anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998: 498–499 [2016-03-15]. ISBN 1-57718-057-7. （原始内容存档于2021-07-26）.
3. Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-04-29., 2001
4. Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. World-systems analysis: An introduction. Duke University Press. 2004: 23–24.
5. Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-07-11., paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2018-06-19., November 2003
6. Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective. Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-04-29. / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel, 2012. P. 23–64.
7. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.
8. Hopkins, Terence K., and Immanuel Wallerstein, coordinators (1996). The Age of Transition. London: Zed Books.
9. Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) the Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57."a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioninɡ"

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