Reproductive value (population genetics)

= {\displaystyle v_{i}=} 對年齡 i {\displaystyle i} 的費雪氏繁殖值（Fisher's reproductive value）， ℓ i = {\displaystyle \ell _{i}=} 一個個體存活到年齡 i {\displaystyle i} 的幾率，以及

GM; Mosher, WD; Abma, JC; Jones, J. Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth

eugenist and the work in genetics outlined above.  Andrade da Cruz, Rodrigo. Ronald Fisher and eugenics: Statistics, evolution and genetics in the quest for permanent

Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM. Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens (PDF). Infection, Genetics and Evolution. May 2008, 8 (3): 267–85 [2017-06-29]

(29): 34–40.  Sears, R.; Ramp, C.; Douglas, A. B.; Calambokidis, J. Reproductive parameters of eastern North Pacific blue whales Balaenoptera musculus