黑三棱属（学名：Sparganium），属香蒲科，约20余种，分布在北温带和澳洲，中国有约6种，分布在东北到西南一带。
本属植物为水生植物，生长在沼泽地带和湖泊边缘浅水处，有根茎和茎；叶狭长，无柄，直立或浮水；花单性，雌雄同株，每一花序上，雄花束生于雌花束之上，花被由延长的鳞片组成；果实的外果皮为海绵质。
1981年的克朗奎斯特分类法将其列入香蒲目，独成一科——黑三棱科（Sparganiaceae Hanin, nom. cons.），1998年根据基因亲缘关系分类的APG 分类法将其放在新设立的禾本目内。
由于分子研究显示本属与香蒲属的关系最亲近，2003年APG II便建议将黑三棱科与同为单型的香蒲科合并，2009年APG III将其并入香蒲科[1]。
本属包括以下物种：
- Sparganium alpinum D.Don ex G.Don, 1830
- Sparganium americanum Nutt.
- Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong
- 线叶黑三棱 Sparganium angustifolium Michx.
- Sparganium angustifolium × emersum
- Sparganium angustifolium × emersum
- Sparganium angustifolium × glomeratum
- Sparganium angustifolium × gramineum
- Sparganium angustifolium × hyperboreum
- Sparganium angustifolium × natans
- Sparganium antiquum Berry, 1924
- 穗状黑三棱 Sparganium confertum Y.D.Chen
- Sparganium coreanum H.Lev.Repert., 2013
- Sparganium diversifolium Asch.
- Sparganium emersum Rehmann
- Sparganium emersum × erectum
- Sparganium emersum × glomeratum
- Sparganium emersum × gramineum
- Sparganium emersum × hyperboreum
- Sparganium emersum × natans
- Sparganium erectum L.
- Sparganium erectum Wahlenb.
- Sparganium erectum × microcarpum
- Sparganium erectum × neglectum
- Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.
- Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray
- 曲轴黑三棱 Sparganium fallax Graebn.
- Sparganium fluctuans (Engelm.) B.L.Rob.
- 短序黑三棱 Sparganium glomeratum (Laest. ex Beurl.) Beurl.
- 短序黑三棱 Sparganium glomeratum (Laest.) Neuman
- Sparganium glomeratum × natans
- Sparganium gramineum Georgi
- Sparganium gramineum × natans
- 无柱黑三棱 Sparganium hyperboreum Beurl. ex Laest.
- 无柱黑三棱 Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. ex Beurl.
- Sparganium hyperboreum × natans
- Sparganium japonicum Rothert
- Sparganium kawakamii H.Hara
- 沼生黑三棱 Sparganium limosum Y.D.Chen
- Sparganium longifolium Don ex Druce, 1888
- Sparganium longifolium Turcz.
- Sparganium microcarpum × neglectum
- Sparganium minimum Hill, 1756
- 矮黑三棱 Sparganium natans L.
- 矮黑三棱 Sparganium natans Oeder
- Sparganium nipponicam Makino, 1905
- Sparganium nuttallii Engelm., 1900
- Sparganium palustris L.
- Sparganium parvum Hickey, 1977
- Sparganium polyedrum Asch. & Graebn.
- Sparganium probatovae Tzvelev
- Sparganium rothertii Tzvelev
- Sparganium stoloniferum (Buch.-Ham. ex Graebn.) Buch.-Ham. ex Juz.
- Sparganium stoloniferum Buch.-Ham.
- Sparganium stygium Heer, 1855
- Sparganium subglobosum Morong
- 云南黑三棱 Sparganium yunnanense Y.D.Chen
- 杂交种：
- Sparganium ×longifolium Turcz. ex Ledeb.
- Sparganium ×oligocarpon Ångstr.
- Sparganium ×speirocephalum Neuman
- Sparganium ×splendens Meinsh.
