鲤科是鲤形目下种类最多的一个科，包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2]（具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化，在有关专家学者当中未有定论）。中国共有约132属532种和亚种，其中包括鯉魚、鯽魚等常見魚類。此科魚的特徵是有鱼鬚、有咽齒沒脂鰭。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤（Catlocarpio siamensis）可以长到3米长，300公斤。黄鳍结鱼（Tor putitora），可以长到2.75米長，54公斤。結魚（Tor tor），可以长到2米長，9公斤。在北美分支中的尖頭葉唇魚（Ptychocheilus lucius）单体记录为1.8米长，45公斤。
与之相对的，有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透體小鿕发育成熟后体长仅11毫米，而2006年發現的微鯉更僅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生，大部分不保护他们的卵。但是，有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鰟鮍類的鱼會将卵产于贝类体内，新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。
本科魚外觀體型差異極大。一般為紡錘形或長形，側扁或稍側扁，口由前上頷骨與下頷骨組成，能伸縮。上下頷皆無齒，但由最後一對鰓之腹面特化成1至3行咽頭齒，每行少於8枚齒，與頭骨腹面的角質後墊形成咀嚼構造。通常具有1至2對鬚或無鬚。背鰭1枚，其前部有2至4根不分枝鰭條，腹鰭腹位，尾鰭叉形或深叉形。體被圓鱗，少數種類鱗片變小或退化。腹鰭基部一般均具有狹長腋鱗。
- Abbottina binhi
- 拉林棒花魚 Abbottina lalinensis
- 遼寧棒花魚 Abbottina liaoningensis
- 鈍吻棒花魚 Abbottina obtusirostris
- 棒花魚 Abbottina rivularis
- 斯氏棒花魚 Abbottina springeri
- 刺鮈 Acanthogobio guentheri
- 坦噶尼喀魮 Acapoeta tanganicae
- 北梭短吻魚 Albulichthys albuloides
- 阿氏鈍齒魚 Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii
- 泰國鈍齒魚 Amblypharyngodon chulabhornae
- 鈍齒魚 Amblypharyngodon melettinus ：又稱赤嵌鈍齒魚。
- 印度鈍齒魚 Amblypharyngodon microlepis
- 磨齒鈍齒魚 Amblypharyngodon mola
- Amblyrhynchichthys micracanthus
- 截尾鈍吻魮 Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus
- 半盲近金线鲃 Anchicyclocheilus halfibindus
- 傑伊異鮰 Aspidoparia jaya
- 異鮰 Aspidoparia morar
- 烏克魯異鮰 Aspidoparia ukhrulensis
- 新疆扁吻魚 Aspiorhynchus laticeps ：又稱新疆大頭魚。
- Aspius aspius
- Aspius vorax
- 管臀魚 Aulopyge huegelii Heckel, 1843[3]
- Balantiocheilos ambusticauda Ng & Kottelat 2007 [4]
- 黑鰭袋唇魚 Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker, 1850)，基异名：Barbus melanopterus Bleeker, 1850
- 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842)，基异名：Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842
- 布氏拟四鬚魮 Barboides britzi
- 細擬四鬚魮 Barboides gracilis
- 高身四鬚魮 Barbonymus altus
- 似巴勒四鬚魮 Barbonymus balleroides
- 科氏四鬚魮 Barbonymus collingwoodii
- 爪哇四鬚魮 Barbonymus gonionotus ：又稱喬氏四鬚魮。
- 施氏魮 Barbonymus schwanenfeldii ：又稱施瓦氏四鬚魮。
- 德氏小髯魮 Barbopsis devecchii
- 貝克氏低線鱲 Barilius bakeri
- 滇西低線鱲 Barilius barila ：又稱芒氏鿕。
- 巴納低線鱲 Barilius barna
- 本迪爾低線鱲 Barilius bendilisis
- 伯納特低線鱲 Barilius bernatziki
- Barilius bonarensis
- 博爾尼低線鱲 Barilius borneensis
- 卡尼亞爾低線鱲 Barilius canarensis ：又名印度真馬口波魚
- 斑尾低線鱲 Barilius caudiocellatues
- Barilius chatricensis
- 松河低線鱲 Barilius dimorphicus
- 多氏低線鱲 Barilius dogarsinghi
- 伊夫氏低線鱲 Barilius evezardi
- 蓋茨山低線鱲 Barilius gatensis
- 泰國低線鱲 Barilius huahinensis
- Barilius infrafasciatus
- Barilius lairokensis
- 中河低線鱲 Barilius mesopotamicus
- 靜低線鱲 Barilius modestus
- Barilius naseeri
- Barilius nelsoni
- Barilius ngawa
- 飾妝低線鱲 Barilius ornatus
- 糙低線鱲 Barilius ponticulus
- Barilius pakistanicus
- Barilius ponticulus
- 輻邊低線鱲 Barilius radiolatus
- 印度低線鱲 Barilius shacra
- 蒂萊低線鱲 Barilius tileo
- 漫游低線鱲 Barilius vagra
- 似䱻 Belligobio nummifer
- 彭縣似䱻 Belligobio pengxianensis
- Betadevario ramachandrani Pramod, Fang, Rema Devi, Liao, Indra, Jameela Beevi & Kullander, 2010[5]
- Bhava vittata ，原为Puntius vittata[6]
- Biwia tama
- Biwia yodoensis
- 琵琶湖鮈 Biwia zezera
- 白氏泰波魚 Boraras brigittae
- 斑紋泰波魚 Boraras maculatus
- 小泰波魚 Boraras merah ：又稱紅體波魚。
- 三斑泰波魚 Boraras micros
- 斑點泰波魚 Boraras naevus
- 擬尾眼泰波魚 Boraras urophthalmoides ：又稱似睛尾波魚。
Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]
- 吹沙短波魚 Brevibora cheeya Liao & Tan, 2011[8]
- 背點短波魚 Brevibora dorsiocellata (Duncker, 1904)：又稱背點波魚。
- 纖細短波魚 Brevibora exilis Liao & Tan, 2014[9]
- 沙特阿拉伯魮 Carasobarbus apoensis
- 類犬魮 Carasobarbus canis
- 錢特氏魮 Carasobarbus chantrei
- 逐魮 Carasobarbus exulatus
- 黃體魮 Carasobarbus luteus
- 鬚鯽 Carassioides acuminatus
- Carassioides argentea
- Carassioides macropterus
- Carassius auratus argenteaphthalmus
- 鯽 Carassius auratus auratus
- 布氏鯽 Carassius auratus burgeri
- 大眼鯽 Carassius auratus grandoculis ：又稱長背鯽。
- 蘭氏鯽 Carassius auratus langsdorfii
- 黑鯽 Carassius carassius
- 高身鯽 Carassius cuvieri ：又稱日本白鯽。
- 銀鯽 Carassius gibelio
- 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)，为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名
- 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898：又稱暹羅印度鯉。[10]
- 貝利氏沙昆鯉 Chagunius baileyi
- 沙昆鯉 Chagunius chagunio
- 尼氏沙昆鯉 Chagunius nicholsi
- 元寶鯿 Chela cachius
- Chela khujairokensis
- 比氏埃塞魚 Chelaethiops bibie ：又稱短臀埃塞魚。
- 康吉埃塞魚 Chelaethiops congicus
- 長體埃塞魚 Chelaethiops elongatus
- 小埃塞魚 Chelaethiops minutus
- 魯夸湖埃塞魚 Chelaethiops rukwaensis
- 骨唇黄河鱼 Chuanchia labiosa Herzenstein, 1891[11]
- 貝爾氏魮 Clypeobarbus bellcrossi
- Clypeobarbus bomokandi
- 康吉魮 Clypeobarbus congicus
- 高鱗魮 Clypeobarbus hypsolepis
- 腹鱗魮 Clypeobarbus pleuropholis
- 擬頜齒魮 Clypeobarbus pseudognathodon
- 斯考特氏魮 Clypeobarbus schoutedeni
- 巴门褶吻鲮 Cophecheilus bamen Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Han, 2011[12]
- 短须褶吻鲮 Cophecheilus brevibarbatus He, Huang, He & Yang, 2015
- 皮氏裂口鬚魮 Coptostomabarbus bellcrossi
- 裂口鬚魮 Coptostomabarbus wittei
- 細銅魚 Coreius cetopsis
- 圓口銅魚 Coreius guichenoti
- 銅魚 Coreius heterodon
- 北方銅魚 Coreius septentrionalis
- 高麗雅羅魚 Coreoleuciscus splendidus Mori, 1935[13]
- 紅鰭方口魮 Cosmochilus cardinalis
- 鐮狀方口魮 Cosmochilus falcifer
- 哈氏方口魮 Cosmochilus harmandi
- 南臘方口魮 Cosmochilus nanlaensis
- 天竺圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys apogon
- 圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys armatus
- 盔圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys enoplus
- 泰國圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys furcatus
- 異絲圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys heteronema
- 詹氏圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys janthochir
- 拉氏圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys lagleri
- 斜口圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys repasson
- Cyclocheilichthys schoppeae
- 中華圓唇魚 Cyclocheilichthys sinensis
- 也門似真小鯉 Cyprinion acinaces acinaces
- 希賈茲似真小鯉 Cyprinion acinaces hijazi
- 伊拉克似真小鯉 Cyprinion kais
- 大口似真小鯉 Cyprinion macrostomus
- 沙特似真小鯉 Cyprinion mhalensis
- 小眼似真小鯉 Cyprinion microphthalmum
- 邁氏似真小鯉 Cyprinion milesi
- Cyprinion semiplotum
- 細線似真小鯉 Cyprinion tenuiradius
- 華生似真小鯉 Cyprinion watsoni
- Danionella cerebrum Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2021[14]
- 德古拉小鿕 Danionella dracula ：又稱德古拉魚、小吸血鬼魚
- Danionella mirifica
- Danionella priapus
- 透體小鿕 Danionella translucida
也称大斑馬魚屬、神鿕屬、德瓦鿕屬。
- Devario acrostomus
- 尖頭大鿕 Devario acuticephala :又稱尖頭斑馬魚、尖頭神鿕
- 波條大鿕 Devario aequipinnatus ：又稱波條神鿕、線紋鿕，也可稱大班馬魚
- Devario affinis
- 阿氏大鿕 Devario ahlanderi Kullander & Norén, 2022[15]：又稱阿氏德瓦鿕。
- 安娜大鿕 Devario annandalei
- Devario anomalus
- 缺鬚大鿕 Devario apogon
- Devario apopyris
- 阿薩姆大鿕 Devario assamensis
- 黄紫大鿕 Devario auropurpureus ：又稱紫金斑馬魚、藍琉璃斑馬魚、紫鑽琉璃燈、黄紫神鿕、紫金非鯉、紫金茵萊湖鯉、琉璃燕子
- 德瓦大鿕 Devario browni
- 金線大鿕 Devario chrysotaeniatus ：又稱金線大斑馬魚、金線神鿕
- Devario devario
- 方芳大鿕 Devario fangfangae [註 1]
- 弗雷澤氏大鿕 Devario fraseri
- Devario gibber
- Devario horai
- 半線大鿕 Devario interruptus ：又稱紅彩斑馬魚、虹彩斑馬魚、半線神鿕
- 紅蚌大鿕 Devario kakhienensis
- 老撾大鿕 Devario laoensis ：又稱麥氏大鿕。
- Devario leptos
- 泰國大鿕 Devario maetaengensis ：又稱湄塘河非鯉、湄塘河茵萊湖鯉
- 細線大鿕 Devario malabaricus ：又稱大班馬魚、馬拉巴大班馬魚、馬拉巴爾斑馬魚、大神鿕、馬拉巴鿕
- 印度大鿕 Devario manipurensis
- 那加大鿕 Devario naganensis
- 尼爾大鿕 Devario neilgherriensis
- 斯里蘭卡大鿕 Devario pathirana
- Devario peninsulae
- 皇大鿕 Devario regina ：又稱皇神鿕
- Devario salmonata
- 沙姆大鿕 Devario shanensis ：又稱撣邦德瓦鿕、沙姆神鿕、撣邦非鯉
- 桑氏大鿕 Devario sondhii ：又稱火紅金線斑馬魚、火兔斑馬魚、桑氏神鿕
- 棘大鿕 Devario spinosus
- Devario strigillifer
- Devario suvatti
- Devario xyrops
- Devario yuensis
- Diplocheilichthys jentinkii
- 側帶紋唇魚 Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia
- 斑重唇魚 Diptychus maculatus
- 西氏重唇魚 Diptychus sewerzowi
- 阿氏盤齒魮 Discherodontus ashmeadi
- 黑氏盤齒魮 Discherodontus halei
- 小四鬚魮 Discherodontus parvus
- 施氏盤齒魮 Discherodontus schroederi
- 多鱗盤唇魚 Discocheilus multilepis
- 伍氏盤唇魚 Discocheilus wui
- Discogobio antethoracalis
- 雙珠盤鮈 Discogobio bismargaritus
- 短鰾盤鮈 Discogobio brachyphysallidos
- Discogobio caobangi
- Discogobio dienbieni
- 長體盤鮈 Discogobio elongatus
- 寬頭盤鮈 Discogobio laticeps
- 長鬚盤鮈 Discogobio longibarbatus
- 長鰾盤鮈 Discogobio macrophysallidos ：又稱多鱗盤鮈。
- Discogobio microstoma
- 多線盤鮈 Discogobio multilineatus
- Discogobio pacboensis
- Discogobio poneventralis
- Discogobio propeanalis
- 四鬚盤鮈 Discogobio tetrabarbatus
- 雲南盤鮈 Discogobio yunnanensis
- Discolabeo wuluoheensis Li, Lu & Mao, 1996
- Eirmotus furvus
- Eirmotus insignis
- Eirmotus isthmus
- 十帶連理鱥 Eirmotus octozona
- 短臀鯷波魚 Engraulicypris brevianalis
- Engraulicypris gariepinus Barnard, 1943 [16]
- Engraulicypris howesi Riddin, Bills & Villet, 2016 [16]
- Engraulicypris ngalala Riddin, Bills & Villet, 2016[16]
- 沙丁鯷波魚 Engraulicypris sardella
- 雙色角魚 Epalzeorhynchus bicolor
- 鬚唇角魚 Epalzeorhynchus frenatum
- 麗鰭角魚 Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus
- 泰國雙角魚 Epalzeorhynchus munense
- 阿爾氏長鬚鿕 Esomus ahli
- 阿爾特斯氏長鬚鿕 Esomus altus
- 髯長鬚鿕 Esomus barbatus
- 睛尾長鬚鿕 Esomus caudiocellatus
- 長鬚鿕 Esomus danricus
- 線紋長鬚鿕 Esomus lineatus
- 長身長鬚鿕 Esomus longimanus
- Esomus malabaricus
- 馬來亞長鬚鿕 Esomus malayensis
- Esomus manipurensis
- 金長鬚鿕 Esomus metallicus
- 野長鬚鿕 Esomus thermoicos
- Fangfangia spinicleithralis Britz, Kottelat & Tan, 2012[17]
- 瓣結魚 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881)：又稱海南瓣結魚。
- 稀有鮈鯽 Gobiocypris rarus Ye & Fu, 1983
- 新疆裸重唇魚 Gymnodiptychus dybowskii
- 全裸裸重唇魚 Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus
- 厚唇裸重唇魚 Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus pachycheilus
- Haludaria afasciata (Jayaram, 1990)
- Haludaria fasciata (Jerdon, 1849)
- Haludaria kannikattiensis (Arunachalam & Johnson, 2003)
- Haludaria melanampyx (Day, 1865)
- 裂峽魮 Hampala ampalong
- 雙斑裂峽魮 Hampala bimaculata
- 異裂峽魮 Hampala dispar
- 洛氏裂峽魮 Hampala lopezi
- 大鱗裂峽魮 Hampala macrolepidota
- Hampala sabana
- 薩爾溫裂峽魮 Hampala salweenensis
- Hemigrammocapoeta culiciphaga
- 美麗半墨頭魚 Hemigrammocapoeta elegans
- 凱氏半線二鬚魮 Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
- 矮半線二鬚魮 Hemigrammocapoeta nana
- Henicorhynchus lineatus
- Henicorhynchus lobatus
- Henicorhynchus ornatipinnis (Roberts, 1997)
- 暹羅單吻魚 Henicorhynchus siamensis (Sauvage, 1881)[18]
- 'Henicorhynchus' thaitui Nguyen, Ho, Hoang, Wu & Zhang, 2020[19]
- 小頭高原魚 Herzensteinia microcephalus (Herzenstein, 1891)
- 板么红水鱼 Hongshuia banmo
- 大眼红水鱼 Hongshuia megalophthalmus
- 小口紅水魚 Hongshuia microstomatus ：又名小口華纓魚
- 袍里红水鱼 Hongshuia paoli
- 綠霍氏魚 Horadandia atukorali Deraniyagala, 1943[20]
- 布氏霍氏魚 Horadandia brittani Rema Devi & Menon, 1992[20]
- Horalabiosa arunachalami
- 霍氏唇魮 Horalabiosa joshuai
- 印度霍氏唇魮 Horalabiosa palaniensis
也稱茵萊湖鯉屬。
- 傑氏斑馬魚 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985)：又稱薩爾溫江非鯉、雅氏茵萊湖鯉
- 伊朗盲鯉 Iranocypris typhlops
- 婆羅鯉 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855)，基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855
- Kosswigobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges, 1960)，为Carasobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges, 1960)的异名
- 布氏科特拉魚 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976)，基异名：Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976
- Labeobarbus acutirostris
- 小口魮 Labeobarbus aeneus
- 寬口魮 Labeobarbus aspius
- 貝茨氏魮 Labeobarbus batesii
- Labeobarbus brevicauda
- Labeobarbus brevicephalus
- 短刺魮 Labeobarbus brevispinis
- 岬魮 Labeobarbus capensis
- 卡多朿氏魮 Labeobarbus cardozoi
- 尾紋魮 Labeobarbus caudovittatus
- 科林頓氏魮 Labeobarbus codringtonii
- 康皮氏魮 Labeobarbus compiniei
- Labeobarbus crassibarbis
- Labeobarbus dainellii
- Labeobarbus gorgorensis
- Labeobarbus gorguari
- 哈伯氏魮 Labeobarbus habereri
- 間魮 Labeobarbus intermedius ：又稱澳洲間魮。
- 約氏魮 Labeobarbus johnstonii
- 大口魮 Labeobarbus kimberleyensis
- 纖魮 Labeobarbus litamba
- Labeobarbus longissimus
- 梭魮 Labeobarbus lucius
- Labeobarbus macrophtalmus
- 軟刺魮 Labeobarbus malacanthus
- 大鱗黃魮 Labeobarbus marequensis
- 姆巴氏魮 Labeobarbus mbami
- Labeobarbus megastoma
- 細絲魮 Labeobarbus micronema
- 蒙戈魮 Labeobarbus mungoensis
- 南非魮 Labeobarbus natalensis
- Labeobarbus nedgia
- Labeobarbus nthuwa
- Labeobarbus osseensis
- Labeobarbus platydorsus
- 細鱗黃魮 Labeobarbus polylepis
- 始祖魮 Labeobarbus progenys
- 羅卡氏魮 Labeobarbus rocadasi
- 羅伊氏魮 Labeobarbus roylii
- Labeobarbus surkis
- Labeobarbus truttiformis
- Labeobarbus tsanensis
- Labeobarbus versluysii
- Labiobarbus cyanopareja
- 條紋長背魮 Labiobarbus fasciatus
- 長背魮 Labiobarbus festivus
- 薄長背魮 Labiobarbus lamellifer
- 細唇長背魮 Labiobarbus leptocheilus ：又稱居氏長背魮、緬甸長背魮。
- Labiobarbus lineatus
- 睛斑長背魮 Labiobarbus ocellatus
- 沙巴長背魮 Labiobarbus sabanus
- 暹羅長背魮 Labiobarbus siamensis ：又稱胸斑長背魮。
- 平口鮈 Ladislavia taczanowskii
- 眼點元寶鯿 Laubuka caeruleostigmata
- 印度元寶鯿 Laubuka dadiburjori
- 條紋元寶鯿 Laubuka fasciata
- Laubuka insularis
- Laubuka lankensis
- 翼元寶鯿 Laubuka laubuca
- Laubuka ruhuna
- Laubuka varuna
- 何氏細鬚魮 Leptobarbus hoevenii
- 霍氏細鬚魮 Leptobarbus hosii
- 暗鰭細鬚魮 Leptobarbus melanopterus
- 暗帶細鬚魮 Leptobarbus melanotaenia
- 紅鰭細鬚魮 Leptobarbus rubripinna
- 纓瘦波魚 Leptocypris crossensis
- 幾內亞瘦波魚 Leptocypris guineensis
- 孔庫瘦波魚 Leptocypris konkoureensis
- 盧氏瘦波魚 Leptocypris lujae
- 瘦波魚 Leptocypris modestus
- 尼羅河瘦波魚 Leptocypris niloticus ：又稱尼羅低線鱲。
- 泰恩瘦波魚 Leptocypris taiaensis
- 威氏瘦波魚 Leptocypris weeksii ：又稱威氏長嘴鱲。
- 韋氏瘦波魚 Leptocypris weynsii
- 寬頭四鬚魮 Linichthys laticeps ，宽头林氏鲃，宽头四须鲃
- 博氏魮 Luciobarbus bocagei
- 短頭魮 Luciobarbus brachycephalus
- 團頭魮 Luciobarbus capito ：又稱錐首魮。
- 黑海魮 Luciobarbus caspius
- 伊比利亞魮 Luciobarbus comizo
- 埃氏魮 Luciobarbus escherichii
- 犬魮 Luciobarbus esocinus
- 希臘魮 Luciobarbus graecus
- 格雷爾氏魮 Luciobarbus graelsii
- 圭拉魮 Luciobarbus guiraonis
- Luciobarbus kersin
- 科斯氏魮 Luciobarbus kosswigi
- Luciobarbus kottelati
- Luciobarbus lydianus
- 小頭魮 Luciobarbus microcephalus
- 三葉魮 Luciobarbus mursa ：又稱稷魮、古拉河鯉。
- Luciobarbus mystaceus
- Luciobarbus pectoralis
- 斯克萊氏魮 Luciobarbus sclateri
- 斯氏魮 Luciobarbus steindachneri
- Luciobarbus xanthopterus
- 單紋擬鱤 Luciocyprinus langsoni
- 細紋擬鱤 Luciocyprinus striolatus
- Macrhybopsis aestivalis (Girard, 1856)
- Macrhybopsis australis (Hubbs & Ortenburger, 1929)
- Macrhybopsis boschungi Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis etnieri Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis gelida (Girard, 1856)
- Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert, 1884)[21]
- Macrhybopsis marconis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1886)
- Macrhybopsis meeki (Jordan & Evermann, 1896)
- Macrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Macrhybopsis storeriana (Kirtland, 1845)
- Macrhybopsis tetranema (Gilbert, 1886)
- Macrhybopsis tomellerii Gilbert & Mayden, 2017[21]
- Mekongina bibarba
- 湄公魚 Mekongina erythrospila
- Mekongina lancangensis
- 鴨綠江中鮈 Mesogobio lachneri
- 圖們江中鮈 Mesogobio tumenensis
- Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi
也称小徳瓦鿕屬、小大斑馬魚屬。
- 蓋氏小德魚 Microdevario gatesi ：蓋氏小波魚
- 庫氏小德魚 Microdevario kubotai ：久保田氏小波魚
- 小眼小德魚 Microdevario microphthalma ：小眼小波魚
- 微小德魚 Microdevario nana ：微小波魚
- 紅身小波魚 Microrasbora rubescens
- 銀色長臀魮 Mystacoleucus argenteus
- 黑背鰭長臀魮 Mystacoleucus atridorsalis
- 月斑長臀魮 Mystacoleucus chilopterus
- Mystacoleucus ectypus
- Mystacoleucus greenwayi
- 細尾長臀魮 Mystacoleucus lepturus
- 長臀魮 Mystacoleucus marginatus
- 帕當長臀魮 Mystacoleucus padangensis
- 似龜結魚 Naziritor chelynoides
- 巴基斯坦結魚 Naziritor zhobensis ：又稱若布河納結魚
- 阿里線紋鯿 Nematabramis alestes
- 婆羅洲線紋鯿 Nematabramis borneensis
- 埃氏線紋鯿 Nematabramis everetti
- 斯氏線紋鯿 Nematabramis steindachneri
- 遜線紋鯿 Nematabramis verecundus
- 新波魚 Neobola bottegoi
- 河溪新波魚 Neobola fluviatilis
- Neobola kinondo Bart, Schmidt, Nyingi & Gathua, 2019[22]
- 尼羅新波魚 Neobola nilotica
- 星新波魚 Neobola stellae
- Neolissochilus acutirostris Arunachalam, Sivakumar & Murugan, 2017
- 保山四鬚魮 Neolissochilus baoshanensis (Chen & Yang, 1999)：寶山新光唇魚。
- 軟鰭四鬚魮 Neolissochilus benasi (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936)：又稱軟鰭新光唇魚。
- Neolissochilus blanci (Pellegrin & Fang, 1940)
- 布萊斯新光唇魚 Neolissochilus blythii (Day, 1870)
- Neolissochilus bovanicus (Day, 1877)
- Neolissochilus capudelphinus Arunachalam, Sivakumar & Murugan, 2017[23]
- 窄身新光唇魚 Neolissochilus compressus (Day, 1870)
- 杜氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus dukai (Day, 1878)
- 亨氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus hendersoni
- 異口四鬚魮 Neolissochilus heterostomus
- 墨脫四鬚魮 Neolissochilus hexagonolepis ：又稱小鱗光唇魚。
- Neolissochilus hexastichus
- 長翅新光唇魚 Neolissochilus longipinnis
- Neolissochilus namlenensis
- 黑紋新光唇魚 Neolissochilus nigrovittatus
- 少鱗新光唇魚 Neolissochilus paucisquamatus
- Neolissochilus pnar Dahanukar, Sundar, Rangad, Proudlove & Raghavan, 2023[24]
- 似丘新光唇魚 Neolissochilus soroides
- 大棘新光唇魚 Neolissochilus spinulosus
- 斯氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus stevensonii
- 史氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus stracheyi
- Neolissochilus subterraneus
- 蘇門答臘新光唇魚 Neolissochilus sumatranus ：又稱蘇門答臘光唇魚。
- 蒂氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus thienemanni
- 特氏新光唇魚 Neolissochilus tweediei
- 飾帶新光唇魚 Neolissochilus vittatus
- Nicholsicypris dorsohorizontalis
- 擬細鯽 Nicholsicypris normalis
- Opsaridium boweni
- 似鯷馬口波魚 Opsaridium engrauloides
- 勒氏馬口波魚 Opsaridium leleupi
- 洛氏馬口波魚 Opsaridium loveridgei
- 斑尾馬口波魚 Opsaridium maculicauda
- 小頭馬口波魚 Opsaridium microcephalum
- 小鱗馬口波魚 Opsaridium microlepis
- 佩氏馬口波魚 Opsaridium peringueyi
- Opsaridium splendens
- 馬拉維馬口波魚 Opsaridium tweddleorum
- 烏斑吉河馬口波魚 Opsaridium ubangense
- 馬口波魚 Opsaridium zambezense
- Opsarius cocsa
- 泰國真馬口波魚 Opsarius koratensis ：又稱孟力臘鿕、南尼低線鱲。
- 麗色低線鱲 Opsarius pulchellus
- 葡萄真马口波鱼 Opsarius putaoensis[25]]]
- 山魮 Oreichthys cosuatis ：又稱庫爾格無鬚魮。
- Oreichthys crenuchoides
- Oreichthys parvus
- 嗜鰕截頜鯉 Ospatulus palaemophagus
- 截頜鯉 Ospatulus truncatulus
- 短背鰭紋唇魚 Osteochilichthys brevidorsalis
- 斯氏尖裸鯉 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908)，基异名：Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908
- 红宝石微鲤 Paedocypris carbunculus
- 细小微鲤 Paedocypris micromegethes
- 微鯉 Paedocypris progenetica 是目前已知最小的魚種。
- Paleoschizothorax diluculum Yang, Liang, Cai, Chen, Han, Gu, Wang, Bao & Yan, 2022[26]
- 似刺鯿鮈 Paracanthobrama guichenoti Bleeker, 1864
- 尖副繐唇魮 Paracrossochilus acerus
- 飾帶副繐唇魮 Paracrossochilus vittatus
- 條紋似白鮈 Paraleucogobio strigatus
- Parapsilorhynchus discophorus
- 長身副裸吻魚 Parapsilorhynchus elongatus
- 普氏副裸吻魚 Parapsilorhynchus prateri
- Parapsilorhynchus swaini Baliarsingh & Kosygin, 2017[27]
- 触角副裸吻魚 Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus
- 台灣副細鯽 Pararasbora moltrechti
- 異華鯪 Parasinilabeo assimilis
- Parasinilabeo longibarbus
- 长体异华鲮 Parasinilabeo longicorpus
- 长鳍异华鲮 Parasinilabeo longiventralis
- Parasinilabeo maculatus
- Parasinilabeo microps
- 袋唇魚 Paraspinibarbus alloiopleurus
- 鯨形密耙魚 Pectenocypris balaena
- 密耙魚 Pectenocypris korthausae
- Pectenocypris micromysticetus
- Pectenocypris nigra Wibowo, Ahnelt & Kertamihardja, 2016[28]
- 安氏坑魚 Phreatichthys andruzzii
- Placogobio bacmeensis
- Placogobio nahangensis
- 扁咽齒魚 Platypharodon extremus
- 片唇鮈 Platysmacheilus exiguus
- 長鬚片唇鮈 Platysmacheilus longibarbatus
- 裸腹片唇鮈 Platysmacheilus nudiventris Lo, Yao et Chen[29]
- 镇江片唇鮈 Platysmacheilus zhenjiangensis [29]
- Plesiopuntius bimaculatus ，原为Puntius bimaculatus[6]
- 穗鬚原魮 Probarbus jullieni
- 大唇原魮 Probarbus labeamajor
- 小唇原魮 Probarbus labeaminor
- 烏原鯉 Procypris merus
- 岩原鯉 Procypris rabaudi
- 黑前眼野鯪 Prolabeops melanhypoptera
- Prolabeops nyongensis
- 非洲擬魮 Pseudobarbus afer
- 糙擬魮 Pseudobarbus asper
- 擬魮 Pseudobarbus burchelli ：又稱伯切爾氏魮。
- 伯氏擬魮 Pseudobarbus burgi
- 湧擬魮 Pseudobarbus phlegethon
- 夸氏擬魮 Pseudobarbus quathlambae
- 細擬魮 Pseudobarbus tenuis
- 巴馬擬纓魚 Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis ：又名巴马繐唇鲃、巴馬穗唇魮
- 柳城拟缨鱼 Pseudocrossocheilus liuchengensis
- Pseudocrossocheilus longibullus
- Pseudocrossocheilus nigrovittatus
- Pseudocrossocheilus papillolabrus
- 三齒擬纓魚 Pseudocrossocheilus tridentis ：又名三齒華纓魚
- Pseudogobio banggiangensis
- 長吻似鮈 Pseudogobio esocinus
- 桂林似鮈 Pseudogobio guilinensis
- 似鮈 Pseudogobio vaillanti
- 长沟泉水鱼 Pseudogyrinocheilus longisulcus Zheng, Chen et Yang, 2010[30]
- 泉水鱼 Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus
- 暗色擬扁吻鮈 Pseudopungtungia nigra
- 細擬扁吻鮈 Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus
- 長麥穗魚 Pseudorasbora elongata
- 断线麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora interrupta
- 麥穗魚 Pseudorasbora parva ：又稱羅漢魚。
- 北方麥穗魚 Pseudorasbora pumila ：又稱大麥穗魚。
- 靖西擬金線魮 Pseudosinocyclocheilus jinxiensis
- 卷口魚 Ptychidio jordani
- 長鬚卷口魚 Ptychidio longibarbus
- 大眼卷口魚 Ptychidio macrops
- 中甸葉鬚魚 Ptychobarbus chungtienensis ：又稱中甸重唇魚。
- 錐吻葉鬚魚 Ptychobarbus conirostris ：又稱錐吻重唇魚。
- 雙鬚葉鬚魚 Ptychobarbus dipogon ：又稱雙鬚重唇魚。
- 裸腹葉鬚魚 Ptychobarbus kaznakovi ：又稱裸腹重唇魚。
- 扁吻鮈 Pungtungia herzi
- Pungtungia hilgendorfi
- Pungtungia shiraii
- Puntigrus anchisporus (Vaillant, 1902)
- Puntigrus navjotsodhii (Tan, 2012)[31]
- Puntigrus partipentazona (Fowler, 1934)
- Puntigrus pulcher (Rendahl, 1922)
- Puntigrus tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855)
- 印尼魮鯉 Puntioplites bulu
- 鐮魮鯉 Puntioplites falcifer
- 魮鯉 Puntioplites proctozystron
- 爪哇魮鯉 Puntioplites waandersi
- Rasboroides nigromarginatus (Meinken, 1957)
- Rasboroides pallidus Deraniyagala, 1958[32]
- Rasboroides rohani Batuwita, de Silva & Edirisinghe, 2013[33]
- 珠點波魚 Rasboroides vaterifloris Deraniyagala, 1930[32]
- 污斑波魚 Rasbosoma spilocerca (Rainboth & Kottelat, 1987)
- 新耙波拉魚 Rastrineobola argentea
- Rectoris longifinus
- 瀘溪直口鯪 Rectoris luxiensis
- 變形直口鯪 Rectoris mutabilis
- 直口鯪 Rectoris posehensis
- 圓筒吻鮈 Rhinogobio cylindricus
- 湖南吻鮈 Rhinogobio hunanensis
- 大鼻吻鮈 Rhinogobio nasutus
- 吻鮈 Rhinogobio typus
- 長鰭吻鮈 Rhinogobio ventralis
- Rohanella titteya ，原为Puntius titteya[6]
- 小鱗羅塔魮 Rohteichthys microlepis
- Romanogobio albipinnatus
- 黃河羅馬諾鮈 Romanogobio amplexilabris
- Romanogobio antipai
- Romanogobio banaticus
- Romanogobio belingi
- Romanogobio benacensis
- Romanogobio ciscaucasicus
- Romanogobio elimeius
- 山西羅馬諾鮈 Romanogobio johntreadwelli
- Romanogobio kesslerii
- Romanogobio macropterus
- Romanogobio parvus
- Romanogobio pentatrichus
- Romanogobio persus
- Romanogobio skywalkeri Friedrich, Wiesner, Zangl, Daill, Freyhof & Koblmüller, 2018[34]
- Romanogobio tanaiticus
- 薄身羅馬諾鮈 Romanogobio tenuicorpus
- Romanogobio uranoscopus
- Romanogobio vladykovi
- 遼河突吻鮈 Rostrogobio liaohensis
- 恰拉庫德伊無鬚魮 Sahyadria chalakkudiensis
- 丹尼氏無鬚魮 Sahyadria denisonii
- 蛇鮈 Saurogobio dabryi
- 長蛇鮈 Saurogobio dumerili
- 細尾蛇鮈 Saurogobio gracilicaudatus
- 光唇蛇鮈 Saurogobio gymnocheilus
- 無斑蛇鮈 Saurogobio immaculatus
- 滑唇蛇鮈 Saurogobio lissilabris
- 湘江蛇鮈 Saurogobio xiangjiangensis
- 閃光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918
- 刺鰭鏟齒魚 Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus
- Scaphiodonichthys burmanicus
- 长鳍白甲鱼 Scaphiodonichthys macracanthus
- 曼谷類鏟頜魚 Scaphognathops bandanensis
- 斯氏類鏟頜魚 Scaphognathops stejnegeri
- Scaphognathops theunensis
- 印尼裂吻魚 Schismatorhynchos endecarhapis Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998
- 異裂吻魚 Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854)
- 馬來亞裂吻魚 Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998
- Schismatorhynchos lobocheilioides Bleeker, 1855
- 裂吻魚 Schismatorhynchos nukta (Sykes, 1839)
- Schizocypris altidorsalis
- Schizocypris altidorsalis
- 裂鯉 Schizocypris brucei
- 拉氏裂鯉 Schizocypris ladigesi
- 彎額準裂腹魚 Schizopyge curvifrons ：又稱小髭準裂腹魚、長鰭準裂腹魚。
- Schizopyge dainellii
- 黑身準裂腹魚 Schizopyge niger ：又稱平額腹魚。
- 前腹裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis anteriventris
- 柴達木裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis kessleri
- 嘉陵裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis kialingensis
- 軟刺裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis malacanthus
- 黃河裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis pylzovi
- 高原裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis stoliczkai
- 溫泉裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis thermalis
- 拉薩裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis younghusbandi
- 寶興裸裂尻魚 Schizopygopsis malacanthus baoxingensis
- 唇鯪 Semilabeo notabilis
- 暗唇鯪 Semilabeo obscurus
- Semiplotus cirrhosus
- Semiplotus manipurensis
- 緬甸半泳鯉 Semiplotus modestus
- 黃尾短吻魚 Sikukia flavicaudata
- 短吻魚 Sikukia gudgeri
- 長鬚短吻魚 Sikukia longibarbata
- 史氏短吻魚 Sikukia stejnegeri
- Sinilabeo binhluensis
- Sinilabeo brevirostris
- 似鯪華鯪 Sinilabeo cirrhinoides
- Sinilabeo hummeli
- 長鬚華鯪 Sinilabeo longibarbatus
- Sinilabeo longirostris
- 華纓魚 Sinocrossocheilus guizhouensis
- Sinocrossocheilus labiatus
- Sinocrossocheilus megalophthalmus
- 科氏骨尾魚 Snyderichthys copei
- Speolabeo hokhanhi Nguyen, Cao, Deng & Zhang, 2018[35]
- Speolabeo musaei (Kottelat & Steiner, 2011)[36]
- 斯普拉特鯉 Spratellicypris palata
- Spinibarbus babeensis
- 鋸齒倒刺魮 Spinibarbus denticulatus ：又稱多鱗倒刺魮、雲南倒刺魮。
- 光倒刺魮 Spinibarbus hollandi ：又稱何氏棘魞。
- Spinibarbus maensis
- Spinibarbus nammauensis
- Spinibarbus ovalius
- 中華倒刺魮 Spinibarbus sinensis
- Sundadanio atomus
- 阿氏波魚 Sundadanio axelrodi
- Sundadanio echinus
- Sundadanio margarition
- Sundadanio gargula
- Sundadanio goblinus
- Sundadanio rubellus
- Sundadanio retiarius
Tanichthys Lin, 1932，也称邓鱼属，
- 白腹唐鱼 Tanichthys albiventris Li, Bohlen & Liao[37]
- 唐魚 Tanichthys albonubes S. Y. Lin, 1932，种名意为白云，指其模式产地为白云山。[37]
- 黄臀唐鱼 Tanichthys flavianalis Li, Liao & Shen[37]
- 库氏唐鱼 Tanichthys kuehnei Bohlen, Dvorák, Thang & Šlechtová, 2019[38]
- 賢良江唐魚 Tanichthys micagemmae Freyhof & Herder, 2001
- Tanichthys thacbaensis Nguyen & Ngo, 2001
- 角魚 Tariqilabeo bicornis
- Tariqilabeo periyarensis
- 多鱗似鮪雅羅魚 Thynnichthys ploylepis
- 沙特似鮪雅羅魚 Thynnichthys sandkhol
- 似鮪雅羅魚 Thynnichthys thynnoides
- 瓦氏似鮪雅羅魚 Thynnichthys vaillanti
- 細身三菱波魚 Trigonopoma gracile ：又稱縱帶波魚。
- 紅線三菱波魚 Trigonopoma pauciperforata ：又稱捷波魚、紅線波魚。
- 埃氏三角波魚 Trigonostigma espei (Meinken, 1967)，伊氏波魚
- 亨氏三角波魚 Trigonostigma hengeli (Meinken, 1956)，亨氏波魚
- 黑斑三角波魚 Trigonostigma heteromorpha (Duncker, 1904), 異形波魚
- 紅身三角波魚 Trigonostigma somphongsi (Meinken, 1958) ，宋氏波魚[39]
- 截形三角波魚 Trigonostigma truncata Tan, 2020
- Troglocyclocheilus khammouanensis Kottelat & Bréhier, 1999[40]
- 裸腹盲魮 Typhlobarbus nudiventris Chu & Chen, 1982[41]
- 盲墨頭魚 Typhlogarra widdowsoni
- 高鰭突吻魚 Varicorhinus altipinnis
- 安森氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus ansorgii
- Varicorhinus axelrodi
- 比索突吻魚 Varicorhinus beso
- 布氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus brauni
- 倣突吻魚 Varicorhinus capoetoides
- Varicorhinus clarkeae
- Varicorhinus dimidiatus
- 劍形突吻魚 Varicorhinus ensifer
- 纓突吻魚 Varicorhinus fimbriatus
- 兇突吻魚 Varicorhinus iphthimostoma
- 耶格氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus jaegeri
- Varicorhinus jubae
- 偏嘴突吻魚 Varicorhinus latirostris
- 李利突吻魚 Varicorhinus leleupanus
- 長背突吻魚 Varicorhinus longidorsalis
- 盧福突吻魚 Varicorhinus lufupensis
- 大鱗突吻魚 Varicorhinus macrolepidotus
- 瑪麗亞突吻魚 Varicorhinus mariae
- Varicorhinus maroccanus
- 南非突吻魚 Varicorhinus nelspruitensis
- 皮氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus pellegrini
- 平口突吻魚 Varicorhinus platystomus
- 品味突吻魚 Varicorhinus pungweensis
- Varicorhinus robertsi
- 盧安達突吻魚 Varicorhinus ruandae
- 魯氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus ruwenzorii
- 桑氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus sandersi
- 半網紋突吻魚 Varicorhinus semireticulatus
- 斯坦氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus steindachneri
- 直口突吻魚 Varicorhinus stenostoma
- 托尼氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus tornieri
- 烏奔突吻魚 Varicorhinus upembensis
- 尖嘴突吻魚 Varicorhinus varicostoma
- 沃納氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus werneri
- 威氏突吻魚 Varicorhinus wittei
- Varicorhinus xyrocheilus
- 洛氏奇鬚鯉 Xenobarbus loveridgei
- 異鰾鰍鮀 Xenophysogobio boulengeri
- 裸體異鰾鰍鮀 Xenophysogobio nudicorpa
- 鰩山鯉 Yaoshanicus arcus
- Yaoshanicus kyphus
本科魚為各國重要的垂釣種及養殖魚類，多數可食用，頗具經濟價值，是合各種烹飪方式。另外一些種類體色艷麗，適合做為觀賞魚。
本科魚類全部為淡水魚；不僅種類繁多，其分布也廣泛，各種水體皆有其分布。其食性也因魚種而不同，各種食性之魚種皆有。
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