根據世界動物衛生組織《陸生動物衛生法典》(TAHC),動物福利是指,與動物生死狀況相關的生理、心理狀態,以科學為基礎,並採用五大自由推動相關福利,作為動物健康與食品安全之依據。世界動物衛生組織(OIE)於1924年成立,主要任務為制定國際貿易動物衛生標準,使世界貿易組織(WTO)有法可依。2004年,世界動物衛生組織首次召開全球動物福利會議,並在隔年出版《世界動物衛生組織動物福利標準》(OIE Standards on Animal Welfare),供會員國使用。[17]
〈應用動物福利科學(Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science)〉[22]
雪梨大學博士生亞歷山德拉·格林在《科學報告(Scientific Reports)》發表了一篇論文,證實乳牛發出聲音有其意義。格林的指導教授 Cameron Clark 表示,此研究具有啓發性,可創建屬於牛的Google翻譯。格林表示:「我們希望通過了解這些聲音,農民能夠調適牛的情緒狀態,藉此改善動物福利。通過了解這些聲音特徵,農民就可以識別出牛群中,可能需要特別注意的動物。」而研究最後也呼籲農民將有關乳牛聲音的知識納入日常飼養方式。[38]
亞歷山德拉歷經5個月、數百小時的時間,使用麥克風記錄18頭荷尔斯泰因牛(Holstein-Friesian)的聲音,共採集到333個聲音樣本,再前往法國圣艾蒂安(Saint-Etienne)與生物聲學家 David Reby 與 Livio Favaro 合作,藉以分析聲音特徵,進一步比較不同乳牛語句結構的差異。研究主要設定了5種情境,分別是:『發情期』、『等待飼料前』、『被拒絕餵食』、『被迫與其他牛群隔開』、『與其他牛群隔開且無法看見對方』;前2種情境被歸類為「正面情緒(Positively valenced)」;後3種則是「負面情緒(Negatively valenced)」。結果顯示,乳牛的聲音表現在上述情境皆屬穩定,並可展現興奮、激勵、求歡或苦惱……等情緒,以便與其他牛群保持聯繫。[38]
當前全球漁業都面臨天然資源下降、漁獲量減少的問題,唯獨養殖漁業的比例提高、產量上升,因此國際間越來越重視養殖漁業的飼養方式,以及魚是否受到良好的福利對待。時至今日,水生動物福利在執行上仍有諸多難處,產業端和消費市場也尚未達成共識。台灣動物社會研究會坦言:「當面對魚類等水生動福問題時,與過去討論哺乳動物的動福議題,社會有著很不同的迴響。」雖然魚類屬於脊椎動物,但大眾普遍對其較不了解,讓水生動物福利的推展進度相對緩慢。世界動物衛生組織(OIE)《水生動物健康法典》(Aquatic Animal Health Code)[69]明定魚類、兩生類、甲殼類與軟體動物……等,應皆受動物福利保障,改善魚的福利,甚至能增加產能、更提升經濟效益。[37]
美国
主要法規為美國農業部《動物福利法》(Animal Welfare Act, 2013)[70],規範動物為鳥類、哺乳類為主,不包含變溫動物,USDA 於 2003 年發布《鱼类福利信息资源》(Information resource on Fish Welfare)[71](包含其他水生無脊椎動物)之動物福利論述與文獻資源整理。並於官網上發布實驗用水生動物,如非洲爪蟾(水生蛙)、斑馬魚與其他動物的動物福利指標。兩生類與魚類尚未被納入《動物福利法》中,因此違反動物福利的行為尚未有罰則。
澳大利亞
主要法規為《動物護理與保護法》(Animal Care and Protection Act, 2001)[72],規範動物為所有脊椎動物與頭足類動物,遵循準則為世界動物衛生組織、世界動物保護組織以及歐盟的《福利品質》(Welfare Quality)[73]。澳洲聯邦法律訂有《澳大利亞動物福利標準與準則》(Australian Animal Welafre Standards and Guidelines)[74]。但各省步調並不一致,僅昆士蘭、塔斯馬尼亞、維多利亞,以及新南威爾斯省的法律將魚類納入動物福利法規管理。然而澳洲對於可被飼養之本土物種與外來觀賞物種的規範相當嚴格,所以其管理方式是嚴格控管外來觀賞物種輸入,對於動物福利規範的執行強度則較低。
在這之前的動物育種,主要為了提供上流社會展示會的觀賞動物,講究爭奇鬥豔的外觀,要求有品種協會登錄血統純正的系譜,因為這保證其後代可以保持和父母一樣的外貌。「純種才是最好」的迷思就一直流傳到現在,其實純種體弱多病,再加上許多「可愛」的外貌都是健康的負擔。目前純種狗的育種也是現代動保人士最關心的問題之一(Rooney and Sargan 2009)。
Ute Knierim: Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit – Konzepte und Begriffsdefinitionen (Begleittexte zum Vortrag, online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)), S. 3–5. Vgl. Ute Knierim: Grundsätzliche ethologische Überlegungen zur Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit bei Nutztieren. In: Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 109, 2002, S. 261–266.
Richard Martin’s Act. BRANCH: Britain, Representation, and Nineteenth-Century History. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). On 22 July 1822, Richard Martin’s Act — or the “Act to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of Cattle” — becomes law in Parliament.
The History of the RSPCA. Michigan State University College of Law. 1972 [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-05) (英语). Resolved also : That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc.- etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen: T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr., MP, Sir James Graham, L B Allen Esqr., C C Wilson Esqr., Jno. Brogden Esqr., Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr., E Lodge Esqr., J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr.
The origins & history of the RSPCA. RSPCA. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04) (英语). Back then we were the SPCA - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Royal patronage followed in 1837 and Queen Victoria gave permission to add the royal R in 1840, making us the RSPCA as we're known worldwide today.
Our role in enforcing the law. RSPCA. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-14) (英语). RSPCA member Societies enforce state and territory animal welfare legislation through their Inspectorate functions. Where incidences of animal cruelty or animal welfare concerns are reported, our Inspectors have the power to investigate and prosecute those involved.
Tina Conklin. The Five Freedoms: A history lesson in animal care and welfare. Michigan State University. 2019-09-06 [2020-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-27) (英语). To understand the importance of the Five Freedoms and why there were developed, let’s turn back to 1964 when Ruth Harrison, a British woman, wrote “Animal Machines.” The book described intensive livestock and poultry farming practices of the time. The outcry of the British public regarding the information in the book prompted the British government to appoint a committee to look into the welfare of farm animals. In 1965, the committee, chaired by professor Roger Brambell presented the 85-page “Report of the Technical Committee to Inquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems,” which became known as “The Brambell Report.”
X Manteca. WHAT IS ANIMAL WELFARE?(PDF). FAWEC. 2012-06-01 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2020-09-23) (英语). In accordance with the ‘Five Freedoms’ principle, an animal’s welfare is ensured when the following five conditions are met (FAWC, 1992; 1993)
Melissa Logan. 1 – Freedom from Thirst and Hunger. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-03 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). How much food and water does the animal in your care need? The answer to this question depends on a number of factors. The species of the animal, their age, size, health status, and activity level are all factors that can affect how much they should be eating and drinking. Older dogs, for example should be eating less food than younger dogs, because they aren’t as active, and young puppies need to eat a lot of food so that they can grow, run and play. In addition, a cow that has a calf needs to drink a lot of water so that they can supply enough milk to their calf, whereas a cow without a calf doesn’t have to drink as much.
Melissa Logan. 2 – Freedom from Discomfort. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-10 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). What is considered to be a comfortable resting area? Well, it depends! Different animal species vary in how they feel comfortable. For example, dogs might be perfectly happy resting on a dog bed on the floor, and cats may prefer to rest on the top level of a cat tree, or even in a box where they feel hidden and safe. Large animals like cows prefer to rest in areas with at least enough space to be able to lie down, turn around, and get back up again. They also like areas that are cushioned, so that its more comfortable and they don’t hurt their knees. Cold blooded animal such as snakes and lizards like the ability to rest under the glow of the sun or a heat lamp. Some animals like rabbits, rats, and hamsters feel most safe resting in hide boxes where they can’t be easily seen.
Melissa Logan. 3- Freedom from Pain, Injury, and Disease. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-17 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). Veterinarians have special training that helps them determine what is causing pain in animals, which is a pretty tough job since animals can’t tell them what hurts! Once they know what is causing the pain, they can treat the animal, helping them to feel better. Just like people need to visit doctors, animals require checkups from their veterinarian! Going to the veterinarian on a regular basis will keep your pet healthy as it allows the veterinarian to find problems before they become troublesome. By catching problems before they start, your pet has a better chance to stay healthy. In fact, taking your pet to the veterinarian to get vaccinated is a very important part of being a responsible pet owner. Certain diseases, like rabies are quite contagious and can make animals very sick.
Melissa Logan. 4- Freedom from Fear and Distress. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-26 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). Just like humans, animals are also able to experience fear. Fear is not only unpleasant, but it can also have an impact on an animal’s health. An animal that is constantly exposed to conditions that make them fearful will experience poor mental and physical health. Mentally, the animal will become very alert and will regularly feel overwhelmed and worried. Physically, the animal may experience digestion issues, heart problems, and difficulty sleeping and eating. It’s important that we treat animals well and provide them with conditions that prevent them from feeling fear.
Melissa Logan. 5 – Freedom to Express Normal Behavior. Alberta SPCA. 2017-06-06 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). What is considered to be “normal” behavior varies from species to species. For example, coprophagy, the act of eating feces, is a very normal and essential behavior in rabbits however, it would be considered an abnormal behavior for cats. Similarly, chattering, the act of making a chirping sound at birds, is a completely normal behavior in cat but it would be considered an odd behavior if a horse was found chattering at birds! Therefore, it is important to do your research on what is considered normal behavior for your animal species. By knowing what your animal’s normal behavior is and allowing them to express it, you will be helping to improve their well-being. In addition, knowing what is an abnormal behavior for your animal will allow you to recognize when something is wrong, whether it is a result of stress, sickness, or general discontent.
朱增宏. 動物福利普世宣言(UNIVERSAL DECLARATION FOR THE WELFARE OF ANIMALS). 台灣動物社會研究會. 2001-06-01 [2020-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (中文(臺灣)). PROCLAIMS this Universal Declaration for the Welfare of Animals as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to strive by all appropriate means to promote respect for these principles and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance.
Peter Singer. Moral Progress and Animal Welfare. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2011-07-14 [2020-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-13) (英语). In light - perhaps one should say darkness - of such images, it is sometimes suggested that animal welfare is exclusively a Western concern. But that is implausible, given that Buddhist tradition places more emphasis on concern for animals than Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Long before Western philosophers included animals in their ethics, Chinese philosophers like Zhuangzi said that love should permeate relations not only between humans, but between all sentient beings. Nowadays, China has its own animal-rights campaigners, and there are signs that their message is beginning to be heard.
What are the animal welfare issues with sow stalls and farrowing crates?. RAPCA. 2020-02-06 [2020-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26) (英语). A sow stall, also known as a gestation stall, is a metal-barred crate that houses a single sow for part of her 16‑week pregnancy. A standard sow stall is just 2m long and 60cm wide. This is just enough space for the sow to stand up in, but she cannot turn around and can only take a short step forward or back. The floor of the stall is usually concrete, with a slat-covered trench for manure at the rear. The Australian pig industry has committed to voluntarily phasing out sow stalls after the first 5 days following mating (where the sow is confined to a mating stall) in favour of group housing for pregnant sows. It is estimated that around 80% of pregnant sows in Australia are now group housed. Where sow stalls are still in place, regulation requires that they not be used for more than 6 weeks in any gestation (pregnancy) period.
Better Chicken. Compassion in World Farming International. [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-21) (英语). Iconic chicken brand, KFC has publicly committed to sourcing their chicken to higher welfare standards by 2026, in the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden and Germany.
Scott Sechler. Introducing Das Klassenbester™ Chickens!. Bell&Evans. 2018-02-13 [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-31) (英语). We recently shared BIG news with the poultry industry – 100% of our chickens are transitioning to a higher-welfare, slower-growing breed by the end of 2018, which will result in a better quality, more flavorful product! We named our new, proprietary breed “Das Klassenbester” for its European descent and premium, best-in-class genetics. Our first Das Klassenbester chicks hatched on 12/1/17 and were transported to our farms on 12/4/17. Now that we’re in the midst of transitioning and people are asking me some wonderful questions, I thought I could answer a few of those questions here. Also, check the “Our Farms” tab of the website, where we are tracking our progress and illustrating some of the differences of our new breed.
Aquatic Animal Health Code. OIE. 2019 [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-18) (英语). The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code (the Aquatic Code) provides standards for the improvement of aquatic animal health worldwide. It also includes standards for the welfare of farmed fish and use of antimicrobial agents in aquatic animals. The sanitary measures in the Aquatic Code should be used by the Competent Authorities of importing and exporting countries for the prevention, early detection, reporting and control of pathogenic agents in aquatic animals (amphibians, crustaceans, fish and molluscs) and to prevent their spread via international trade in aquatic animals and their products, while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers to trade.
Animal Welfare Act. USDA National Agricultural Library. 2013-01-10 [2020-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-08) (英语). The Animal Welfare Act was signed into law in 1966. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard. The Act is enforced by USDA, APHIS, Animal Care.
Erickson, Heidi S. Information Resources on Fish Welfare, 2003. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultrual Library, Animal Welfare Information Center. 2003-07 [2020-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15) (英语). ……A great deal of what we need to know regarding fish welfare is yet to be discovered as the scientific study of fish welfare is at an early stage compared to research efforts on other vertebrates (FSBI 2002). In all, these activities and research increase the knowledge base on the care and use of these species in aquaculture, fisheries, and the laboratory.
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001. Queensland. 2016-07-01 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-01) (英语). An Act to promote the responsible care and use of animals and to protect animals from cruelty, and for other purposes.
Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines. Animal Health Australia. 2020-03-23 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15) (英语). For the past 36 years, the welfare of livestock in Australia has been supported by a series of Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals. Community values and expectations have changed, and our international trading partners have placed greater emphasis on livestock welfare. A review of the Model Codes of Practice (MCOP) in 2005 recommended they be converted into Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines.
Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes.. FAO, FAOLEX. 1998 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15) (英语). This Directive lays down minimum standards for the protection of animals bred or kept for farming purposes. Member States shall make provision to ensure that the owners or keepers take all reasonable steps to ensure the welfare of animals under their care and to ensure that those animals are not caused any unnecessary pain, suffering or injury. Member States shall also ensure that the conditions under which animals (other than fish, reptiles or amphibians) are bred or kept, having regard to thei