XPS的原理为利用X射线照射样品,激发原子的内层电子及价电子,使其发射出来,激发出来的电子称为光电子。通过测量不同能量的光电子的数目,以结合能或光电子的动能(结合能,Binding Energy(Eb),Eb=hv(光子能量)-Ek(光电子动能)-w(功函数))为横坐标,相对强度(counts/s)为纵坐标可做出光电子能谱图,从而获得试样有关信息。因X射线光电子能谱学对化学分析极为有用,还被称为化学分析用电子能谱学(Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis)。
一台标准商业化的XPS系统的主要组件包括:
X射线源(包括经过单色化和未经单色化的X射线源,通常利用铝或镁作为靶材)
超高真空腔室及相应的真空泵组(腔室通常用高μ材料,即磁导率较高的材料,以屏蔽外界磁场)
适度真空的样品腔室
电子收集透镜(提高电子收集率,从而提高谱图质量)
电子能量分析仪(记录不同能量的光电子的数目)
离子枪或团簇枪(通过离子溅射或团簇溅射去除表面污染或做深度剖析)
样品台及其操控装置
此外,部分商业化设备还可根据客户要求加装
俄歇电子能谱(Auger Electron Spectroscopy, AES)
拉曼光谱(Raman Spectra)
真空断裂台(在真空中对样品进行解理)
高压反应腔室等
XPS主要功能有三个:
确定样品表面101nm厚度内的元素种类(除氢和氦)
确定元素的相对百分比含量
元素的化学环境(价态等)
通过仪器操作及数据处理,还可获得以下信息:
样品表面的元素分布图
样品表面同种元素的不同价态分布图
其中分辨率主要受X射线光斑大小限制(现在已经达到101微米量级)
加装了其它设备后(如离子枪),还可以获得:
元素的组成、百分比及化学环境随深度的变化关系
测量元素组分在样品表面的均匀度(line profiling,或mapping)
通过离子束蚀刻,测量元素组分与深度的关系(depth profiling)
通过倾斜样品,测量元素组分与深度的关系(角分辨XPS)
XPS中的化学位移(chemical shift),不同于核磁共振谱中的化学位移,指的是光电子能谱中同一种原子的内层电子(英语:Core electron)峰由于所处化学环境的不同,在能量方向上的微小位移。化学位移是一种初态效应(Initial State Effect)[1],即内层的空穴生成之前就存在的效应。因为化学位移的位移量一般在1eV到10eV不等,所以只有在能量方向上分辨率较高的XPS才能观测得到。
Himpsel, F. J. ; McFeely, F. R. ; Taleb-Ibrahimi, A.; Yarmoff, J. A.; Hollinger, G. Microscopic structure of the Si2/Si interface. Physical Review B (American Physical Society). 1988-09-15, 38 (9): 6084. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.38.6084.
The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2014, 311, 369-385. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/210625575.pdf
Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Catalysis, 2012, 285, 48-60 https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1108560_8/component/file_1402724/content
Annotated Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS Spectra, PDF of Volumes 1 and 2, B.V.Crist, published by XPS International LLC, 2005, Mountain View, CA, USA
Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS Spectra, Volumes 1-5, B.V.Crist, published by XPS International LLC, 2004, Mountain View, CA, USA
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Surface Chemical Analysis -- Vocabulary, ISO 18115 : 2001, International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), TC/201, Switzerland, [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J.F.Moulder, W.F.Stickle, P.E.Sobol, and K.D.Bomben, published by Perkin-Elmer Corp., 1992, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, C.D.Wagner, W.M.Riggs, L.E.Davis, J.F.Moulder, and G.E.Mullenberg, published by Perkin-Elmer Corp., 1979, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
The Science of Spectroscopy (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - supported by NASA. Spectroscopy education wiki and films - introduction to light, its uses in NASA, space science, astronomy, medicine & health, environmental research, and consumer products.
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