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《美利堅合眾國憲法》第十九修正案(英語:Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution)簡稱「第十九修正案」(Amendment XIX),旨在禁止聯邦政府及各州因性別因素而剝奪任何美國公民之選舉權,實際上賦予女性參政權。該修正案是數十年來美國女性參政權運動的高潮,更為全球婦女選舉權運動和更廣泛的女權主義運動的一部分。儘管1878年國會已提出過首個婦女選舉權修正案,但眾議院要直到1919年5月21日才首次通過憲法修正案,並隨後於1919年6月4日由參議院通過。該憲法修正案及後提交給各州批准,並於1920年8月18日達到規定四分之三多數所需的36個州,而正式開始生效。國務卿於1920年8月26日正式認證修正案確認修正案已經通過並生效。
The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to vote. The amendment was the culmination of a decades-long movement for women's suffrage in the United States, at both the state and national levels, and was part of the worldwide movement towards women's suffrage and part of the wider women's rights movement. The first women's suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress in 1878. However, a suffrage amendment did not pass the House of Representatives until May 21, 1919, which was quickly followed by the Senate, on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby go into effect, on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was certified on August 26, 1920.
在美國獨立之前,婦女在部分殖民地仍擁有參政權,但到了1807年各州憲法都完全剝奪該權利。[1]婦女權利組織在19世紀中葉開始興起,並於1848年的塞內卡瀑布會議上通過了《感性宣言》(英语:Declaration of Sentiments),呼籲推動性別平等及敦促婦女爭取選舉權。支持女性參政權的組織原試圖依賴於現有憲法條文以賦予女性參政權,但在美國最高法院否決這些論點後,蘇珊·B·安東尼和伊麗莎白·凱迪·斯坦頓等運動家便呼籲制定新的憲法修正案,以確保女性擁有與男性相等的參政權。
Before 1776, women had a vote in several of the colonies in what would become the United States, but by 1807 every state constitution had denied women even limited suffrage. Organizations supporting women's rights became more active in the mid-19th century and, in 1848, the Seneca Falls convention adopted the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for equality between the sexes and included a resolution urging women to secure the vote. Pro-suffrage organizations used a variety of tactics including legal arguments that relied on existing amendments. After those arguments were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court, suffrage organizations, with activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, called for a new constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the same right to vote possessed by men.
到19世紀後期,特別是在西部,新州和領地開始賦予婦女投票權。1878年,一項最終成為第十九修正案的選舉權提案被提交給國會,但在1887年被拒絕。在1890年代,選舉權組織在繼續在州和地方層面工作的同時,將重點放在全國修正案上。露西·伯恩斯和愛麗絲·保羅成為重要領袖,她們不同的策略推動了第十九修正案的進展。美國參與第一次世界大戰幫助改變了公眾對婦女選舉權的看法。由卡麗·查普曼·卡特領導的全國美國婦女選舉權協會支持戰爭努力,提出應該以賦予婦女選舉權作為對她們愛國戰時服務的獎勵。全國婦女黨組織了遊行、示威和絕食,並指出在國外為民主而戰同時在國內限制民主,拒絕婦女投票權的矛盾。這兩個組織的工作改變了公眾輿論,促使總統伍德羅·威爾遜在1918年宣布支持選舉權修正案。該修正案於1919年通過並於1920年採納,經受住了兩次法律挑戰:萊瑟訴加內特案和費爾柴爾德訴休斯案。
By the late 19th century, new states and territories, particularly in the West, began to grant women the right to vote. In 1878, a suffrage proposal that would eventually become the Nineteenth Amendment was introduced to Congress, but was rejected in 1887. In the 1890s, suffrage organizations focused on a national amendment while still working at state and local levels. Lucy Burns and Alice Paul emerged as important leaders whose different strategies helped move the Nineteenth Amendment forward. Entry of the United States into World War I helped to shift public perception of women's suffrage. The National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, supported the war effort, making the case that women should be rewarded with enfranchisement for their patriotic wartime service. The National Woman's Party staged marches, demonstrations, and hunger strikes while pointing out the contradictions of fighting abroad for democracy while limiting it at home by denying women the right to vote. The work of both organizations swayed public opinion, prompting President Woodrow Wilson to announce his support of the suffrage amendment in 1918. It passed in 1919 and was adopted in 1920, withstanding two legal challenges, Leser v. Garnett and Fairchild v. Hughes.
在這之前支持者已多次在各州和聯邦層級爭取女性參政權。
該修正案是美國為婦女選舉權進行的數十年運動的高潮,涵蓋了州和全國兩個層面,並且是全球婦女選舉權運動和更廣泛的婦女權利運動的一部分。
修正案於1920年8月18日達到足夠數量的州認可後生效。憲法原文把選舉資格的認定交給了各州,但直到1910年代多數州仍剝奪女性的選舉權。第十九修正案是美國女性選舉權運動的頂點,在這之前支持者已多次在地方和國家層級爭取這個權力。修正案實質上推翻了曼勒訴哈波瑟特案(英语:Minor v. Happersett)(Minor v. Happersett),美國最高法院在這個案件中無異議的裁決第十四修正案並不賦予女性選舉權。
蘇珊·安東尼和伊麗莎白·凱迪·斯坦頓(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)於1878年起草和提出這修正案;國會於四十一年後的1919年把修正案送交各州認可。一年後,在田納西州同意後,足夠數量的州認可了這修正案,修正案被正式的加入美國憲法。1922年在審理萊瑟訴加內特案時,美國最高法院駁回了第十九修正案是在違憲下通過的主張。
By the late 19th century, new states and territories, particularly in the West, began to grant women the right to vote. In 1878, a suffrage proposal that would eventually become the Nineteenth Amendment was introduced to Congress, but was rejected in 1887. In the 1890s, suffrage organizations focused on a national amendment while still working at state and local levels. Lucy Burns and Alice Paul emerged as important leaders whose different strategies helped move the Nineteenth Amendment forward. Entry of the United States into World War I helped to shift public perception of women's suffrage. The National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, supported the war effort, making the case that women should be rewarded with enfranchisement for their patriotic wartime service. The National Woman's Party staged marches, demonstrations, and hunger strikes while pointing out the contradictions of fighting abroad for democracy while limiting it at home by denying women the right to vote. The work of both organizations swayed public opinion, prompting President Woodrow Wilson to announce his support of the suffrage amendment in 1918. It passed in 1919 and was adopted in 1920, withstanding two legal challenges, Leser v. Garnett and Fairchild v. Hughes.
The Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised 26 million American women in time for the 1920 U.S. presidential election, but the powerful women's voting bloc that many politicians feared failed to fully materialize until decades later. Additionally, the Nineteenth Amendment failed to fully enfranchise African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, and Native American women (see § Limitations). Shortly after the amendment's adoption, Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party began work on the Equal Rights Amendment, which they believed was a necessary additional step towards equality.