蟬科 (学名 :Cicadidae )是蟬總科 下的一科 ,其下物種 通稱為蟬 ,其特色為雄蟲腹胸交界處有發聲器,收縮振動而產生很大的鳴叫聲,雌蟲則無此器官;成蟲與若蟲 均頭寬大於胸寬,且具兩突出的複眼,均吸食植物汁液為生,惟若蟲於地下挖洞穴居,成熟後爬上樹幹羽化,成蟲四翅薄而多為透明。因其鳴叫聲音,又俗稱“知了”,或作:蛭蟟 ( liáo ) 、蜘蟟 (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 )、唧了、吱嘮、借落子等。
「
蝉 」重定向至此。關於北韓提供的一個热带风暴的命名,請見「
颱風梅米 」。
蟬科廣泛分布於全球溫帶 至熱帶 地區(已知紀錄約2500種蟬)。一些分布於沙漠地區的種類,當體溫過熱時,會從背板 (tergum)排出多餘的水分,進而達到冷卻及散熱的效果(原理與人類流汗類似)。[ 2] [ 3]
漢字 中「蟬」最早出現於商代 至西周 間,構造上屬於形聲字 。形符 「虫」為「蟲」的古字,在當時是對動物 的泛稱(五蟲 );而聲符 「單」亦兼表字義,帶有「發出聲響」的意涵。
古人對蟬的稱呼有:蜩 [ 註 2] [ 註 3] 、螗 [ 註 4] (較小的蟬)[ 4] [ 5] 、蜺 [ 註 5] (寒蟬)、𧔢 [ 6] [ 註 6] 、䗃 [ 註 7] 、䗁 [ 註 8] 、蝒 [ 註 9] (聲響的大黑蟬)、螓 [ 註 10] (方頭廣額的小蟬)、蠽 [ 註 11] 、五色 、日暮 、丕蜩 、茅蜩 、秋蜩 、蚱蟬 (同蝒)[ 7] 、寒蜩 [ 註 12] 、寒螿 [ 註 13] 、蜋蜩 [ 註 14] 、蜻蜻 、蜓蛛 、蜩螗 [ 8] 、螗蜩 (不同於蜩螗,為一種小蟬)[ 9] [ 10] 、蟪蛄 、螗蛦 [ 註 15] 、馬蜩 、蛁蟟 [ 註 16] [ 11] 、螇螰 [ 註 17] [ 11] 、蝭蟧 [ 註 18] [ 12] [ 13] 。
蟬的英語 cicada 源自拉丁語 ,意指「棲息於樹上,像蟋蟀 一樣會鳴叫的」;但英語有時稱蟬為 locust[ 14] ,儘管與蝗蟲 沒有確切關係。希臘語為 τέττῑξ / téttīx (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) 或 τζίτζικας / tzítzikas (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ),兩者皆為擬聲詞 ,即模仿蟬的鳴聲。
蟬的頭部特寫
大多數蟬的體型通常不大,成蟲體長多在2至5厘米(0.79至1.97英寸)之間,少數種類,例如世界最大的帝王蟬 (Megapomponia imperatoria )翼展就達20厘米(7.9英寸),體長約7厘米(2.8英寸)[ 15] [ 16] ;同樣棲息於南亞地區的一種大型蟬(Tacua speciosa ,有「青襟油蟬」或「婆羅洲巨蟬」等名稱)翼展也有18厘米(7.1英寸),其體長則約4至5厘米(1.6至2.0英寸)[ 17] 。蟬的外骨骼 很堅硬,雙翅相當發達,多為透明或半透明(雙翅完全不透明的種類通常翅面顏色較為鮮明,且多分布於靠近熱帶 的地區),上面有明顯的翅脈。
一般來說,蟬的頭部寬而短,具有明顯突出的額唇基(clypeus )。觸角短,呈鬚狀。口器細長,口器內有食管與唾液管,屬於刺吸式。胸部則包括前胸、中胸及後胸,其中前胸和中胸較長。3個胸部都具有一對足,腿節粗壯發達(若蟲前腳用來挖掘,腿節膨大,帶刺)。
蟬的腹部呈長錐形,總共有10個腹節,第9腹節成為尾節。雄蟬第1、第2腹節具發音器,第10腹節形成肛門;雌蟬第10腹節形成產卵管,且較為膨大。
蟬的視力相當良好,有五隻眼睛,包括兩隻复眼 和三隻单眼 。複眼突出,位於頭部兩側且分得很開。
雄蟬發音器構造剖面圖: Trommelorgan - 鼓室 Schallplatten - 鼓膜 Schallplattenmuskel - 發音肌 Trommelfell - 鏡膜 Stigma - 氣門
雄性蟬身体两侧有能够发出很大声响的發聲構造(也稱為「鼓室」),主要包括背瓣、腹瓣、鼓膜、發音肌(鼓膜肌)、腱盤、腱突起、腹面調節肌、鏡膜、褶膜(摺膜)、第三氣門、共鳴室(氣室)等。為了發音,牠們常趴在樹幹上,向前或左右扭動腹部 來調節發出的聲響;而發出來的響聲常被稱為蟬的「歌聲」,與一般以摩擦方式發聲的昆蟲(如蟋蟀 )不同。雌蟬没有發聲器。
比較著名的蟬是「十七年蝉 」或周期蟬 (Magicicada )。原產於美國 東部地區,這些蟬的若蟲在地下蟄伏 十三或十七年,然後破土而出。
根據牠們出現的年份,周期蟬被分為30個「群」。群1號到17號是十七年蟬,群18號到30號是十三年蟬。一些群並不存在,但為了方便起見而保留。群4號已於西元2003年出現。而下一次的十三年蟬為將於西元2011年出現的群19號。群10號,一種十七年蟬,已經出現於西元2004年5月的紐澤西州 和北卡羅萊納州 。
古蟬總科的生物都生活於中生代 ,外型和現在的蟬極度相似,就連雙翅也有了蟬的輪廓
狹義的蟬僅侷限於蟬科的昆蟲[ 18] [ 19] ,廣義的蟬則指蟬總科 的所有昆蟲(蟬總科有兩個科:蟬科與螽蟬科 Tettigarctidae);此外,不只蟬總科的昆蟲,整個蟬下目的昆蟲都被冠上蟬的名字,分類如下(參見蟬下目 )[ 20] :
而蟬科的組成如下:
蝟蟬族(Dundubiini),日本、臺灣使用(蜩蟬族)[ 1]
寒蟬屬 (Meimuna)、長瓣蟬屬 (Platylomia)、大蟬屬 (Macrosemia)
蟪蛄族(Platypleurini)[ 1]
蟪蛄屬 (Platypleura)、毛蟪蛄屬 (Suisha)
爺蟬族(Polyneurini)
蝦夷蟬族 (Tibicenini)[ 1] / 熊蟬族 (Cryptotympanini)
蝦夷蟬屬 (Tibicen)
薄翅蟬屬 (Chremistica)
熊蟬屬 (Cryptotympana)
小蟬族(Leptopsaltrini)[ 1]
姬春蟬屬 (Euterpnosia)
姬蟬屬 (Purana)
暮蟬屬 (Tanna)
幽蟬屬 (Semia)
暗蟬屬 (Taiwanosemia)
細蟬屬 (Leptosemia)
虎翅蟬屬 (Formocicada)
草蟬族(Moganniini)[ 1]
草蟬屬 (Mogannia)
扶桑蟬屬 (Nipponosemia)
斑蟬(Gaeana maculata )[ 18] [ 19]
蟪蛄 的一種(Platypleura sp.)[ 18] [ 19]
Abagazara Distant, 1905
Abricta Stål, 1866
Abroma Stål, 1866
Acanthoventris Ruschel, 2023
Aceropyga Duffels, 1977
Acuticephala Torres, 1958
Acyroneura Torres, 1958
Adelia Moulds, 2012
Adeniana Distant, 1906
Adusella Haupt, 1918
Aedeastria Boer, 1990
Aestuansella Boulard, 1981
Aetanna Lee, 2014
Afromelampsalta Sanborn & Villet, 2020
Afzeliada Boulard, 1972
Ahomana Distant, 1905
Akamba Distant, 1905
Alarcta Torres, 1958
Albanycada Villet, 1989
Aleeta Moulds, 2003
Allobroma Duffels, 2011
Ambragaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
Amphipsalta Flemming, 1969
Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921
Angamiana Distant, 1890
Anopercalna Boulard, 2008
Anopercalnina Boulard, 2008
Antankaria Distant, 1904
Aragualna Champanhet, Boulard & Gaiani, 2000
Arcystasia Distant, 1882
Arenopsaltria Ashton, 1921
Arfaka Distant, 1905
Ariasa Distant, 1905
Arunta Distant, 1904
Atrapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
Attenuella Boulard, 1973
Auritibicen Lee, 2015
Auscala Moulds, 2012
Auta Distant, 1897
Ayesha Distant, 1905
Ayuthia Distant, 1919
Babras Jacobi, 1907
Baeturia Stål, 1866
Bafutalna Boulard, 1993
Balinta Distant, 1905
Basa Distant, 1905
Bavea Distant, 1905
Beameria Davis, 1934
Becquartina Kato, 1940
Becquartinaria Boulard, 2005
Berberigetta Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões, 2017
Bergalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
Bijaurana Distant, 1912
Birrima Distant, 1906
Bispinalta Delorme, 2017
Biura Lee & Sanborn, 2015
Borencona Davis, 1928
Brachylobopyga Duffels, 1982
Brevialavenosa Sanborn, 2021
Brevisiana Boulard, 1972
Brevitanna Lee, 2022
Burbunga Distant, 1905
Burbungoides Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
Burmacicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
Burmacicada protera Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[ 21]
Buyisa Distant, 1907
Cabecita Lee, 2014
Cacama Distant, 1904
Cacamam
Calcagninus Distant, 1892
Caledopsalta Delorme, 2018
Caliginopsalta Ewart, 2005
Calipsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
Calliopsida Torres, 1958
Callogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
Calopsaltria Stål, 1861
Calyria Stål, 1862
Camuracicada Moulds, 2018
Cantata Lee & Pham, 2021
Canualna Boulard, 1985
Capcicada Villet, 1989
Carineta Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Cephalalna Boulard, 2006
Chalumalna Boulard, 2001
Champaka Distant, 1905
Chelapsalta Moulds, 2012
Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014
Chinaria Davis, 1934
Chlorocysta Westwood, 1851
Chloropsalta Haupt, 1920
Chonosia Distant, 1905
Chremistica Stål, 1870
Chrysocicada Boulard, 1989
Chrysolasia Moulds, 2003
Cicada Linnaeus, 1758
Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857
Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
Cicadetta Kolenati, 1857
Cicadettana Marshall & Hil, 2017
Cicadmalleus Boulard & Puissant, 2013
Citroriginis Sanborn, 2021
Clidophleps Van Duzee, 1915
Clinata Moulds, 2012
Clinopsalta Moulds, 2012
Coata Distant, 1906
Cochleopsaltria Pham & Constant, 2017
Conibosa Distant, 1905
Cornuplura Davis, 1944
Cosmopsaltria Stål, 1866
Cracenpsaltria Sanborn, 2016
Crassisternalna Boulard, 1980
Crassopsaltria Boulard, 2008
Crotopsalta Ewart, 2005
熊蟬屬 Cryptotympana Stål, 1861
Curvicicada Chou & Lu, 1997
Cyclochila Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Cylochila
Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
Cystosoma Westwood, 1842
Davispia Cooper, 1941
Daza Distant, 1905
Dazollina Sanborn, 2018
Decebalus Distant, 1920
Deremeces Sanborn, 2021
Derotettix Berg, 1882
Diceroprocta Stål, 1870
Diceropyga Stål, 1870
Diemeniana Distant, 1906
Dilobopyga Duffels, 1977
Dimissalna Boulard, 2007
Dinarobia Mamet, 1957
Dipsopsalta Moulds, 2012
Distantada Orian, 1963
Distantalna Boulard, 2009
Dominicicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
Dominicicada youngi Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[ 21]
Dorachosa Distant, 1892
Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952
Drymopsalta Ewart, 2005
Duffelsa Wang, Jiang & Wei, 2023
Dulderana Distant, 1905
Dundubia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Durangona Distant, 1911
Dyticodopoea Sanborn, 2020
Dyticopycna Sanborn, 2020
Elachysoma Torres, 1964
Elassoneura Torres, 1964
Emathia Stål, 1866
Eopycna Sanborn, 2020
Epora Stål, 1866
Erempsalta Moulds, 2012
Esada Boulard, 1973
Euboeana Gogala, Trilar & Drosopoulos, 2011
Euryphara Horváth, 1912
姬春蟬屬 Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
Euthemopsaltria Moulds, 2014
Ewartia Moulds, 2012
Falcatpsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
Feoichnus Krause, Bown, Bellosi & Genise, 2008
Fidicina Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Fidicinoides Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
Fijipsalta Duffels, 1988
Fonsecacicada Martins-Neto & Mendes, 2002
虎翅蝉属 Formocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004
Formosemia Matsumura, 1917
Formotosena Kato, 1925
Fractuosella Boulard, 1979
Froggattoides Distant, 1910
Gaeana Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Gagatopsalta Ewart, 2005
Galanga Moulds, 2012
Galgoria Lee, 2016
Gazuma Distant, 1905
Gelidea Moulds, 2012
Germalna Delorme, 2018
Ggomapsalta Lee, 2009
Gibbocicada Ruschel, 2018
Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
Graminitigrina Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina aurora Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
Graminitigrina bolloni Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina bowensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina carnarvonensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina einasleighi Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
Graminitigrina flindensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
Graminitigrina karumbae Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina selwynensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
Graminitigrina triodiae Ewart & Marques, 2008
Graminitigrina uluruensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017[ 22]
Graptopsaltria Motschulsky, 1866
Graptopsaltria Stål, 1866
Graptotettix Stål, 1866
Guaranisaria Distant, 1905
Gudanga Distant, 1905
Guineapsaltria Boer, 1993
Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
Gymnotympana Stål, 1861
Hadoa Moulds, 2015
Haemopsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
Hainanosemia Kato, 1927
Hamza Distant, 1904
Haphsa Distant, 1905
碧蝉属 Hea Distant, 1906
Heliopsalta Moulds, 2012
Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835
Hemisciera Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Henicopsaltria Stål, 1866
Henicotettix Stål, 1858
Heremusina Ewart, 2018
Herrera Distant, 1905
Heteropsaltria Jacobi, 1902
Hilaphura Webb, 1979
Hovana Distant, 1905
Huechys Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Hyalessa China, 1925
Hyantia Stål, 1866
Hylora Boulard, 1971
Illyria Moulds, 1985
Imbabura Distant, 1911
Inflatopyga Duffels, 1997
Ingcainyenzane Sanborn & Villet, 2020
Inthaxara Distant, 1913
Ioba Distant, 1904
Iruana Distant, 1905
Jacatra Distant, 1905
Jafuna Distant, 1912
Jassopsaltria Ashton, 1914
Juanaria Distant, 1920
Kageralna Boulard, 2012
Kalabita Moulton, 1923
Kalarko Moulds & Marshall, 2022
Kamalata Distant, 1889
Kanakia Distant, 1892
Kaphsa Lee, 2012
Karenia Distant, 1888
Karscheliana Boulard, 1990
Katoa Ôuchi, 1938
Khimbya Distant, 1905
Kikihia Dugdale, 1972
Kimberpsaltria Moulds, Marshall & Popple, 2021
Kintusamo Szwedo, 2019
Klapperichicen Dlabola, 1957
Kobonga Distant, 1906
Koma Distant, 1904
Kongota Distant, 1904
Koranna Distant, 1905
Kosemia Matsumura, 1927
Kumanga Distant, 1905
Lacetas Karsch, 1890
Lahugada Distant, 1905
Lamotialna Boulard, 1976
Laopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
Lembeja Distant, 1892
Lemuriana Distant, 1905
Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866
Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917
Lethama Distant, 1905
Ligymolpa Karsch, 1890
Limnopsalta Moulds, 2012
Linguacicada Chou & Lu, 1997
Lithocicada Cockerell, 1906
Luangwana Distant, 1914
Lycurgus China, 1925
Lyristes Horváth, 1926
大蝉属 Macrosemia Kato, 1925
Macrotristria Stål, 1870
周期蟬 Magicicada Davis, 1925
Majeorona Distant, 1905
Malagasia Distant, 1882
Malgachialna Boulard, 1980
Malgotilia Boulard, 1980
Malloryalna Sanborn, 2016
Manna Lee & Emery, 2013
Maoricicada Dugdale, 1972
Mapondera Distant, 1905
Mariekea Jong & Boer, 2004
Maroboduus Distant, 1920
Marteena Moulds, 1986
Masamia Lee & Emery, 2013
Masupha Distant, 1892
Mata Distant, 1906
Maua Distant, 1905
Megapomponia Boulard, 2005
Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath, 2016
Meimuna Distant, 1905
Melampsalta Amyot, 1847
Melampsalta Kolenati, 1857
Melanesiana Delorme, 2017
Mendozana Distant, 1906
Minilomia Lee, 2013
Minipomponia Boulard, 2008
Miniterpnosia Lee, 2013
Minyscapheus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012
Minyscapheus dominicanus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012[ 23]
Miocenoprasia Boulard & Riou, 1999
Mirabilopsaltria Boer, 1996
Miranha Distant, 1905
Moana Myers, 1928
Mogannia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Monomatapa Distant, 1897
Mosaica Lee & Emery, 2013
Mouia Distant, 1920
Mouldspsaltria Sanborn, 2021
Muansa Distant, 1904
Muda Distant, 1897
Mugadina Moulds, 2012
Munza Distant, 1904
Mura Distant, 1905
Muraoides Sanborn, 2018
Murmurillana Delorme, 2016
Murphyalna Boulard, 2012
Musimoia China, 1929
Musoda Karsch, 1890
Myersalna Boulard, 1988
Myopsalta Moulds, 2012
Nabalua Moulton, 1923
Nablistes Karsch, 1891
Nanopsalta Moulds, 2012
Nelbroma Sanborn, 2021
Nelcyndana Distant, 1906
Neocicada Kato, 1932
Neomuda Distant, 1920
Neoncotympana Lee, 2011
Neoplatypedia Davis, 1920
Neopsaltoda Distant, 1910
Neopunia Moulds, 2012
Neopurana Lee & Marshall, 2023
Neoterpnosia Lee & Emery, 2014
Neotibicen Hill & Moulds, 2015
Nggeliana Boulard, 1979
Nigripsaltria Boer, 1999
Noongara Moulds, 2012
Nosoarna Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
Nosola Stål, 1866
Notopsalta Dugdale, 1972
Novemcella Goding, 1925
Nyara Villet, 1999
Odopoea Stål, 1861
Okanagana Distant, 1905
Okanagodes Davis, 1919
Oligoglena Horváth, 1912
Ollanta Distant, 1905
蛁蟟属 Oncotympana Stål, 1870
Onomacritus Distant, 1912
Onoralna Boulard, 1996
Orapa Distant, 1905
Orellana Distant, 1905
Orialella Metcalf, 1952
Orientafroinsularis Sanborn, 2021
Orientopsaltria Kato, 1944
Oudeboschia Distant, 1920
Oudeboshia Distant, 1920
Owra Ashton, 1912
Oxypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Pacarina Distant, 1905
Pachypsaltria Stål, 1861
Paectira Karsch, 1890
Pagiphora Horváth, 1912
Paharia Distant, 1905
Pakidetta Sanborn & Ahmed, 2017
Palapsalta Moulds, 2012
Paleopsalta Moulds, 2018
Panialna Delorme, 2016
Panka Distant, 1905
Papuapsaltria Boer, 1995
Paracicadetta Boulard & Nel, 1990
Paradina Moulds, 2012
Paranistria Metcalf, 1952
Paranosia Lee, 2014
Paratalainga He, 1984
Paratanna Lee, 2012
Parnisa Stål, 1862
Parnkalla Distant, 1905
Parnquila Moulds, 2012
Parvittya Distant, 1905
Parvopsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
Paulaudalna Delorme, 2017
Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, 1904
Pedana Moulds & Marshall, 2022
Pegapsaltria Moulds & Marshall, 2022
Pericallea Moulds, Marshall & Hutchinson, 2022
Philipsalta Lee, Marshall & Hill, 2016
Physeema Moulds, 2012
Pictila Moulds, 2012
Pinheya Dlabola, 1965
Pipilopsalta Ewart, 2005
Platylomia Stål, 1870
Platypedia Uhler, 1888
蟪蛄屬 Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Platypsalta Moulds, 2012
Plautilla Stål, 1865
Plerapsalta Moulds, 2012
Polyneura Westwood, 1840
Pompanonia Boulard, 1982
Pomponia Stål, 1866
Popplepsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
Poviliana Boulard, 1997
Prasia Stål, 1863
Prasinosoma Torres, 1963
Proarna Stål, 1864
Procollina Metcalf, 1952
Prosotettix Jacobi, 1907
Prunasis Stål, 1862
Psallodia Uhler, 1903
Psalmocharias Kirkaldy, 1908
Psaltoda Stål, 1861
Psephenotettix Torres, 1958
Pseudokanakia Delorme, 2016
Pseudotettigetta Puissant, 2010
Psilotympana Stål, 1861
Psithyristria Stål, 1870
Punia Moulds, 2012
Purana Distant, 1905
Puranoides Moulton, 1917
Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Pygmaeodopoea Sanborn, 2020
Pyropsalta Moulds, 2012
Quesada Distant, 1905
Quintilia Stål, 1866
Qurana Lee, 2009
Raiateana Boulard, 1979
Relictapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
Rhadinopyga Duffels, 1985
Rhaeboepelis Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
Rhinopsalta Melichar, 1908
Rhodopsalta Dugdale, 1972
Rouxalna Boulard, 1999
Rustia Stål, 1866
Sadaka Distant, 1904
Sahyaterpnosia Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023
Sahyaterpnosia laevospina Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023[ 24]
Salvazana Distant, 1913
Samaecicada Popple & Emery, 2010
Sapantanga Distant, 1905
Sapantanga Ruschel & Campos, 2019
Saticula Stål, 1866
Scieroptera Stål, 1866
Scolopita Chou & Lei, 1997
Scottotympana Boer, 1991
Sechellalna Boulard, 2010
Selymbria Stål, 1861
Semia Matsumura, 1917
Severiana Boulard, 1972
Shaoshia Wei, Ahmed & Rizvi, 2010
Simona Moulds, 2012
Sinapsaltria Kato, 1940
Sinocicadoprosbole Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
Songga Lee, 2016
Soudaniella Boulard, 1972
Spoerryana Boulard, 1974
Stagea Villet, 1994
Stagira Stål, 1861
Stellenboschia Distant, 1920
Strepuntalna Delorme, 2017
Strumosella Boulard, 1973
Strumoseura Villet, 1999
Subpsaltria Chen, 1943
Subtibicina Lee, 2012
Suisha Kato, 1928
Sulphogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
Sundabroma Duffels, 2011
Sylphoides Moulds, 2012
Tacua Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Taipinga Distant, 1905
暗蟬屬 Taiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917
Takapsalta Matsumura, 1927
红眼蝉属 Talainga Distant, 1890
Talcopsaltria Moulds, 2008
Tamasa Distant, 1905
Tanna Distant, 1905
Tanyocicada Moulds, 2020
Taona Distant, 1909
Taphura Stål, 1862
Taungia Ollenbach, 1928
Taurella Moulds, 2012
Telmapsalta Moulds, 2012
Terepsalta Moulds, 2012
Terpnosia Distant, 1892
Tettigades Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tettigetta Kolenati, 1857
Tettigettacula Puissant, 2010
Tettigettalna Puissant, 2010
Tettigettula Puissant, 2010
Tettigomyia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tettigotoma Torres, 1942
Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1900
Thopha Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tibeta Lei & Chou, 1997
Tibicina Kolenati, 1857
Tibicinoides Distant, 1914
Timbaltransversa Sanborn, 2021
Tithopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
Torrescada Sanborn & Heath, 2017
Tosena Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Toseria
Toulgoetalna Boulard, 1982
Toxala Moulds, 2012
Toxopeusella Schmidt, 1926
Trengganua Moulton, 1923
Triglena Fieber, 1875
Trismarcha Karsch, 1891
Tryella Moulds, 2003
Tymocicada Becker-Migdisova, 1954
Tympanistalna Boulard, 1982
Tympanoterpes Stål, 1861
Ueana Distant, 1905
Ugada Distant, 1904
Uhleroides Distant, 1912
Umjaba Distant, 1904
Unduncus Duffels, 2011
Unipomponia Lee, 2014
Urabunana Distant, 1905
Uradolichos Moulds, 2012
Vagitanus Distant, 1918
Vastarena Delorme, 2016
Venustria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
Versicolora Wei, Wang, Hayashi, He & Pham, 2020
Vietanna Lee & Pham, 2021
Viettealna Boulard, 1980
Vittagaeana Hill et al., 2021
Vittagaeana Moulds, Sarkar, Lee & Marshall, 2021
Xeropsalta Ewart, 2018
Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1904
Xossarella Boulard, 1980
Yanga Distant, 1904
Yezoterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
Yoyetta Moulds, 2012
Zammara Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Zammaralna Boulard & Sueur, 1996
Zaphsa Lee & Emery, 2014
Zouga Distant, 1906
油炸蝉的若虫
在中國,蟬的剛出土的若蟲,稱知了猴、知了龜、蟬牛、蟬猴等,被視為一種食材,油炸、蒸煮或燒烤後可以食用。活的或醃漬後的蟬若蟲也會在市面上銷售。[ 25] 但因富含異體蛋白,過敏體質者應謹慎食用。[ 26]
中药蝉蜕饮片。
蟬若蟲的殼—「蟬蛻 」,是一種中藥 材[ 註 19] 。此外,卵、若蟲 、成蟲 等遭受如真菌 等微生物 寄生,將產生「蟬花 」,原理可以以冬蟲夏草 的方式思維,只是它們應用上的藥效卻大不相同。[ 27] 。
名和氏蟬寄蛾 Epipomponia nawai (Dyar, 1904),蟬寄蛾科(Epipyropidae )成員,主要分布於日本 、韓國 與臺灣 。[ 28] [ 29]
蟬寄生蜂(Neolathromera kishidai)、蟬寄生蠅(Nemoraea cicadina)[ 30]
書目 引用
陳振祥 2007 ,第38-39頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREF陳振祥2007 (help )
Toolson, Eric C. " Water Profligacy as an Adaptation to Hot Deserts: Water Loss Rates and Evaporative Cooling in the Sonoran Desert Cicada, Diceroprocta apache(Homoptera: Cicadidae)" . Physiological Zoology . 1987, 60 (4): 379–385.
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-19).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-21).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
存档副本 . [2022-10-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-10-18).
Milne, Lorus; Milne, Margery. North American Insects & Spiders. Knopf Publishing. 1980. ISBN 0-394-50763-0 .
C. H. Dietrich. Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. , 编. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. 2003. ISBN 0123741440 (英语) .
George Poinar Jr.,Gene Kritsky.Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)[J].Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,25(5)
A. Ewart, L.W. Popple and K.B.R Hill. 2017. Five New Species of Grass Cicadas in the Genus Graminitigrina (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia: Comparative Morphology, Songs, Behaviour and Distributions. Zootaxa. 4228(1); 1–62. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4228.1.1
George Poinar Jr,Gene Kritsky,Alex Brown.Minyscapheus dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), a fossil cicada in Dominican amber[J].Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,24(3)
Kalesh Sadasivan and Vivek Sarkar. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Leptopsaltriini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Agasthyamalais of the Western Ghats in Peninsular India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 16(2); 163-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2023.03.009
陳振祥 2007 ,第36頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREF陳振祥2007 (help )
陳振祥 2007 ,第35頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREF陳振祥2007 (help )