層次 (語言學)

層次（拉丁文：stratum）喺語言學入面係一種語言，透過接觸，影響到或者受影響跟另一個語言嘅。底層（拉丁文：substratum）係種語言有權力或者威望低過其他語言嘅，而頂層（拉丁文：superstratum）係種語言有權力或者威望高過嘅。底層語言同頂層語言互相都有影響，但係方式唔同。附褦層（拉丁文：adstratum）係種語言戥隔籬第二種語言有接觸，但冇乜高過或者低過嘅威望。隻概念「層次」初初發展由意大利語言學家Graziadio Isaiah Ascoli（1829–1907），並喺1932年知名喺英語世界，憑藉份著作寫由另開兩位作者嘅。^[1]

兩隻概念都適用於一種侵擾語言建立自己嘅地位喺另一笪領土上高，通常係出於移民。頂層情況（本地話一路保持，侵擾話消失）或者底層情況（本地話消失，侵擾話一路保持）通常變得明顯只會喺幾代人之後，期間侵擾語言存在於diaspora嘅文化裏頭。爲了等侵擾話持續得落去（底層情況)，啲移民一係獲取政治精英地位，一係移民夠大量對於當地人口來講（即侵擾着定性爲侵略或者殖民；譬如羅馬帝國催生羅曼各語喺意大利之外，取代丟高卢話與及其他印歐語^{[註 1]}）。頂層嘅例子有啲精英入侵人口但最終採用了本土下層語言嘅。比如法國勃艮地人同埋法蘭克人，佢哋最終放棄了佢哋嘅日耳曼話，而改用了啲其他印歐語屬羅曼語分支嘅，同時喺隻過程中影響了當地語言好深。

顯明嘅例子畀底層頂層影響

底層影響頂層

埞柵	結果語言	底層	頂層	頂層引入由
南中國（百越埞）	粵語 閩語 吳語	各古越語	上古漢語、中古漢語	漢化
Levant	Levantine Arabic	Western Aramaic	Classical Arabic	Arabs during the Muslim conquests
Egypt	Egyptian Arabic	Coptic
Mesopotamia	Mesopotamian Arabic	Eastern Aramaic
Maghreb (North Africa)	Algerian, Libyan, Moroccan, and Tunisian Arabic	Berber languages, Punic language, and Vulgar Latin
Ethiopia	Amharic	Central Cushitic languages	South Semitic languages	Bronze Age Semitic expansion
Eritrea/Ethiopia	Tigrinya, Tigré and Ge'ez	Central Cushitic and North Cushitic languages
England	Middle English	Common Brittonic	Old English	Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Cornwall	Cornish English	Cornish	Modern English	Anglicisation of Cornish people
Ireland	Irish English	Irish (Gaelic)		the English during the Plantations of Ireland in the 16th century
Scotland	Scottish English	Middle Scots and Scottish Gaelic (from native Scottish people)		the English during Scottish Reformation in the 16th century
Singapore	Singaporean Mandarin	Southern Chinese varieties: Min Nan, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese	Standard Mandarin	Singapore Government during the Speak Mandarin Campaign
France	French	Gaulish	Vulgar Latin, later Old Frankish[2]	Romans after the Gallic Wars, later various Germanic peoples during the Migration Period
Portugal	Portuguese	Gallaecian and Lusitanian languages[未記出處或冇根據]	Vulgar Latin, later Visigothic
Spain	Old Spanish	Iberian languages	Latin	Romans who annexed it to the Roman Empire (1st century BC-5th century AD)
Canary Islands	Canarian Spanish	Guanche	Andalusian Spanish	Andalusians during the incorporation of the Canary Islands into the Crown of Castile
Mexico	Mexican Spanish	Nahuatl	Spanish of the 15th century	Spaniards during the Spanish Conquest of the 15th century
Central Andes	Andean Spanish	Quechua, Aymaran languages
Paraguay	Paraguayan Spanish	Guaraní
Philippines	Chavacano	Tagalog, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Bangingi, Sama, Tausug, Yakan, and Malay
Brazil	Brazilian Portuguese	Tupi, Bantu languages[3]	Portuguese of the 15th century	the Portuguese during the colonial period
Angola	Angolan Portuguese	Umbundu, Kimbundu, and Kikongo		the Portuguese during the colonial rule in Africa
Jamaica	Jamaican Patois	African languages of transported African slaves	Early Modern English	the English during the British Empire
Israel	Israeli Hebrew	Arabic dialects, Yiddish, German, Russian and other Jewish languages	Purified Hebrew constructed from Biblical and mishnaic Hebrew	Jewish emigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who revived then re-introduced Hebrew
Shetland and Orkney	Insular Scots	Norn	Scots	Acquisition by Scotland in the 15th century
Norway	Bokmål	Old Norwegian	Danish	Union with Danish crown, 1380–1814.
Argentina/Uruguay	Rioplatense Spanish	Neapolitan, various Italian Languages	Spanish	Italian immigration to Uruguay and Argentina

頂層影響底層

埞柵	結果語言	底層	頂層	頂層引入由
法國	古法國話	高盧羅曼話	古法蘭克語	墨洛溫王朝統治高盧，公元500年左右
英倫	中古英國話	古英文	古諾曼法語	諾曼征服期間嘅諾曼人
希臘	通俗希臘話	中古希臘話	鄂圖曼土耳其話	鄂圖曼土耳其人，君士坦丁堡陷落之後以及跟尾佔領希臘期間
西班牙	早期現代西班牙話	古西班牙語	阿剌伯話（透過莫乍立話）	倭馬也人，征服西班牙期間，以及阿剌伯話、莫乍立話使用者喺安達盧斯；之後佢哋着吸收到卡斯提亞同埋其他基督教王國。
馬耳他	馬耳他語	古典阿剌伯話，西古羅-阿剌伯話	西西里話，跟尾有意大利話佮其他羅曼話[4]	諾曼人同亞拉岡人，16世紀聖約翰騎士團喺群島成立[5]

註

1. 雖然，特別係北便或者東邊法國照舊有明顯Celts影響：Calafell, F., Biagini, S. A., Carracedo, Á., & Comas, D. (2019). Reshaping the Hexagone: the genetic landscape of modern France.

睇埋

• 語言威望

攷

1. "Why Don't the English Speak Welsh?" Hildegard Tristram, chapter 15 in The Britons in Anglo-Saxon England, N. J. Higham (ed.), The Boydell Press 2007 ISBN 1843833123, pp. 192–214.
2. Michaelis, Susanne (2008). Roots of Creole structures: weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. XVI. ISBN 9789027252555. 喺2010-01-20搵到.
3. The Genesis and Development of Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2017年10月10號，. Page 246, etc
4. Lıngwa u lıngwıstıka. Borg, Karl. Valletta, Malta: Klabb Kotba Maltin. 1998. ISBN 99909-75-42-6. OCLC 82586980.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
5. Brincat, Joseph M. (2000). Il-Malti, elf sena ta' storja. Malta: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. ISBN 99909-41-68-8. OCLC 223378429.