Taper, Mark L.; Lele, Subhash. Taper, Mark L.; Lele, Subhash , 編. The nature of scientific evidence: statistical, philosophical, and empirical considerations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2004: 527–551 (547). ISBN 0226789551. OCLC 54461920. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226789583.003.0016. Scientific evidence is generally taken to be anything tending to refute or confirm a hypothesis.