美國的種族與犯罪

在美國，自20世紀以來，種族與犯罪之間的關係一直是公眾和學術關注的焦點^[1]。不同種族群體之間的犯罪率差異很大。在美國，大多數兇殺案的受害者與犯罪者屬於黑人。

學術研究表明，在刑事案件中，一些少數族裔的比例過高，部分原因在於社會經濟因素，如貧困、沒有受到良好教育以及接觸有害化學品（例如鉛）和污染等因素^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]}。與種族隔離有關的居住隔離也與犯罪率的種族差異有關，因為黑人歷史上長期被政府和私人阻止遷入繁榮的低犯罪率地區 ^[12][13][14]。

研究還表明，警察和司法系統存在著廣泛的種族和族裔歧視^{[15][16][17][18][19]}。研究人員通過大量學術文獻比較了警察的搜查（表明被警方盤查的白人其實發現違禁品的比率較高）、法院保釋決定（表明在白人和黑人保釋人數相同的情況下，白人在審判前違規行為較多）和判刑（表明當案件的基本事實和情況相似時，陪審團和法官對黑人的判刑比白人更嚴厲），推斷出有關種族歧視的因果關係^{[20][21][22][23]}。

參考文獻

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