第一次伊斯蘭內戰是穆斯林世界第一場大規模內戰。第一次伊斯蘭內戰導致阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜被推翻、正統哈里發時期的終結和奧瑪亞哈里發國的建立。
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第二任哈里發歐麥爾·本·赫塔卜遇刺後,在他因傷去世之前,歐麥爾·本·赫塔卜組建舒拉,舒拉選舉奧斯曼·本·阿凡擔任下一任哈里發。奧斯曼·本·阿凡上任後被指控任人唯親裙,並於656年被殺。之後阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜擔任哈里發。不過阿伊莎、泰勒海和伊本·祖拜爾·阿瓦姆卻想推翻阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜的統治。 656年12月,雙方爆發駱駝之戰,阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜獲勝。隨後敘利亞總督穆阿維葉一世向阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜宣戰。657年7月,雙方又爆發隋芬之戰,雙方相持不下,最終通過仲裁結束戰爭。
不過哈瓦利吉派並不滿意戰爭的仲裁結果,他們宣布阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜、穆阿維葉一世及其追隨者都是異教徒。之後阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜派兵鎮壓哈瓦利吉派。不久之後,穆阿維葉也在阿姆魯·本·阿斯的幫助下奪取了埃及的控制權。
661年,阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜被哈瓦利吉派信徒阿卜杜勒拉赫曼·伊本·穆爾賈姆刺殺。阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜死後,他的繼承人哈桑·本·阿里擔任哈里發,不久穆阿維葉一世就試圖推翻哈桑·本·阿里的統治。最終哈桑·本·阿里和穆阿維葉一世簽署哈山—穆阿維亞條約,哈桑·本·阿里承認穆阿維葉的統治,穆阿維葉隨後建立了奧瑪亞哈里發國。
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