氯胺

氯胺
英文名	Chloramine
別名	氯代氨; 一氯代氨
識別
CAS號	10599-90-3
PubChem	25423
ChemSpider	23735
SMILES	ClN;
InChI	1/ClH2N/c1-2/h2H2;
InChIKey	QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYAS
性質
化學式	NH2Cl
莫耳質量	51.48 g·mol⁻¹
外觀	無色
熔點	−66 °C
溶解性（其他溶劑）	可溶
相關物質
相關化學品	三氯化氮
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

氯胺，又稱氯代氨，是一種無機化合物，為氨中一個（一氯代氨）、二個（二氯代氨）或者三個（三氯化氮）氫原子被氯取代之後得到之氨衍生物。氯胺一詞也指一系列化學式為 R₂NCl 及 RNCl₂ 的有機化合物。

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一氯代氨的化學式是NH₂Cl，為不穩定的無色液體，熔點−66 °C（−87 °F），通常以水溶液的形式儲存和使用。該溶液有時被用作消毒劑。由於其不穩定性，其沸點無法測量。^[1]

氯胺可用於水的消毒，與氯氣相比較為溫和，與次氯酸鹽相比更加穩定。

飲用水消毒

低濃度的NH₂Cl在市政供水系統中作為二級消毒劑。其應用與日俱增，並逐漸取代氯氣（在水處理過程中被稱為游離氯）。NH₂Cl遠比游離氯穩定，且不易在水中被浪費。相對比起游離氯，其與有機化合物反應形成有機氯化合物的趨勢較小，但依舊存在；這些有機氯化合物包括氯仿和四氯化碳；這些物質在已被確定為致癌物質，美國國家環境保護局從1979年起開始管控飲用水中的這些有機氯化合物的濃度。^[2]

與此同時，一些不受管制的副產品有可能造成更大的健康風險。^[3]以氯胺淨水亦可能增加飲用水中鉛含量，尤其是對於老舊住宅而言。暴露於此種高鉛濃度的條件下，或導致血液中鉛含量增加，並可能造成重大健康風險。^[4]

游泳池消毒

在游泳池中，氯胺通過游離氯與諸如尿液、汗液、皮膚細胞等物質當中的有機物反應而生成。相對比起游離氯，其殺菌效果較差；而且若不能適當地控制，其對於游泳者的眼睛亦會具有更強的刺激性。氯胺也是游泳池中獨特的「氯」的味道的來源。^[5]^[6]一些為私人游泳池設計的測試工具無法區分游離氯與氯胺，這或導致游泳池中的氯胺濃度不適當。^[7]亦有證據顯示，暴露於氯胺會引起游泳者的呼吸道問題，包括哮喘。^[8]對於競技游泳運動員，呼吸道問題常見而普遍。^[9]

基於過往數據，美國國家環境保護局（EPA）制定的飲用水水質標準限制公眾供水系統中氯胺含量不得多於 4 ppm。為了達到EPA規定的鹵化消毒副產物（英語：disinfection by-product）限量標準，許多公用事業部門正在把淨化方式從氯化轉向氯胺化（英語：chloramination）。雖然氯胺化產生的鹵化消毒副產物較少，但可產生更高濃度的未受管控的含碘副產物及N-亞硝基二甲胺；^[10]^[11] 此二者皆已被證明具有遺傳毒性^[11]。

用作血液透析^[12]、養殖、水耕栽培^[13]及自釀啤酒時，應當設法除去水中的氯胺。在用作透析時，若氯胺進入血液中，可能會導致溶血性貧血。^[12] 若水耕栽培的培養液中混入氯胺，則會延緩植物的生長。^[13]

氯胺可以透過氨與次氯酸根反應製得：NH₃ + ClO⁻ → NH₂Cl + OH⁻ ^[14]。此反應必須在弱鹼性 (pH 8.5–11)的環境下進行。進行反應的氯化劑是次氯酸，其通過氫離子和次氯酸根反應生成，而後參與氨取代產生氫氧根的親核取代反應。此反應在 pH 約為8時反應最快；若 pH 過高，則次氯酸濃度過小；若 pH 過低，則氨形成銨根，而後者不發生上述反應。氯胺可通過真空蒸餾，並將蒸汽通過碳酸鉀（乾燥劑）濃縮。氯胺也可以通過乙醚萃取。

氣態氯胺亦可通過氨氣和氯氣反應得到（過程中用氮氣稀釋）：

2 NH₃(g) + Cl₂(g) ⇌ NH₂Cl(g) + NH₄Cl(s)

純氯胺可將氟胺吹過氯化鈣得到：

2 NH₂F + CaCl₂ → 2 NH₂Cl + CaF₂

[1]
Lawrence, Stephen A. Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 172 [2018-05-16]. ISBN 9780521782845. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-06）（英語）.
[2]
存档副本 (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-11-02）.
[3]
Stuart W. Krasner. The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern 367 (1904). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4077–95. 2009-10-13. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0108. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-27）.
[4]
Marie Lynn Miranda; et al. Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems. Environmental Health Perspectives. February 2007, 115 (2): 221–5. PMC 1817676 . PMID 17384768. doi:10.1289/ehp.9432.
[5]
Donegan, Fran J.; David Short. Pools and Spas. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Creative Homeowner. 2011. ISBN 978-1-58011-533-9.
[6]
Controlling Chloramines in Indoor Swimming Pools. NSW Government. [2013-02-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-03）.
[7]
Hale, Chris. Pool Service Information. 2016-04-20 [2016-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-05）.
[8]
Bougault, Valérie; et al. The Respiratory Health of Swimmers. Sports Medicine. 2009, 39 (4): 295–312. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00003. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）.
[9]
The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006-10-01, 80 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0100-0.^{[永久失效連結]}
[10]
Krasner, Stuart W.; Weinberg, Howard S.; Richardson, Susan D.; Pastor, Salvador J.; Chinn, Russell; Sclimenti, Michael J.; Onstad, Gretchen D.; Thruston, Alfred D. Occurrence of a New Generation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology. 2006, 40 (23): 7175–7185. doi:10.1021/es060353j.
[11]
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 2007, 636 (1–3): 178–242. PMID 17980649. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001.
[12]
Hakim, Nadey. Artificial Organs. London: Springer-Verlag. 2009: 51 [2014-06-14]. ISBN 9781848822818. Water that contains chloramine is safe for people to drink, bathe, and cook in because the digestive process neutralizes it. Chloramine can, however, easily harm patients if it enters the blood stream during the dialysis process causing hemolytic anemia.
[13]
Date, S.; Terabayashi, S.; Kobayashi, Y.; Fujime, Y., Effects of chloramines concentration in nutrient solution and exposure time on plant growth in hydroponically cultured lettuce, Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 103 (3): 257–265, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.019
[14]
Fair, G. M., J. C. Morris, S. L. Chang, I. Weil, and R. P. Burden. 1948. The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 40:1051-1061.

[1] [1]
Lawrence, Stephen A. Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 172 [2018-05-16]. ISBN 9780521782845. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-06）（英語）.

[2] [2]
存档副本 (PDF). [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-11-02）.

[3] [3]
Stuart W. Krasner. The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern 367 (1904). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4077–95. 2009-10-13. doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0108. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-27）.

[4] [4]
Marie Lynn Miranda; et al. Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems. Environmental Health Perspectives. February 2007, 115 (2): 221–5. PMC 1817676 . PMID 17384768. doi:10.1289/ehp.9432.

[5] [5]
Donegan, Fran J.; David Short. Pools and Spas. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Creative Homeowner. 2011. ISBN 978-1-58011-533-9.

[6] [6]
Controlling Chloramines in Indoor Swimming Pools. NSW Government. [2013-02-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-03）.

[7] [7]
Hale, Chris. Pool Service Information. 2016-04-20 [2016-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-05）.

[8] [8]
Bougault, Valérie; et al. The Respiratory Health of Swimmers. Sports Medicine. 2009, 39 (4): 295–312. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00003. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）.

[9] [9]
The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006-10-01, 80 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0100-0.^{[永久失效連結]}

[10] [10]
Krasner, Stuart W.; Weinberg, Howard S.; Richardson, Susan D.; Pastor, Salvador J.; Chinn, Russell; Sclimenti, Michael J.; Onstad, Gretchen D.; Thruston, Alfred D. Occurrence of a New Generation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology. 2006, 40 (23): 7175–7185. doi:10.1021/es060353j.

[Richardson07-11] [11]
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 2007, 636 (1–3): 178–242. PMID 17980649. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001.

[dialysis-12] [12]
Hakim, Nadey. Artificial Organs. London: Springer-Verlag. 2009: 51 [2014-06-14]. ISBN 9781848822818. Water that contains chloramine is safe for people to drink, bathe, and cook in because the digestive process neutralizes it. Chloramine can, however, easily harm patients if it enters the blood stream during the dialysis process causing hemolytic anemia.

[hydroponic-13] [13]
Date, S.; Terabayashi, S.; Kobayashi, Y.; Fujime, Y., Effects of chloramines concentration in nutrient solution and exposure time on plant growth in hydroponically cultured lettuce, Scientia Horticulturae, 2005, 103 (3): 257–265, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.019

[ref29-14] [14]
Fair, G. M., J. C. Morris, S. L. Chang, I. Weil, and R. P. Burden. 1948. The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 40:1051-1061.

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飲用水消毒

游泳池消毒

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氯胺

飲用水消毒

游泳池消毒

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水處理

安全性

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