棉花屬(學名:Gossypium),或作棉屬,是被子植物錦葵科棉族之下的一個屬,日常生活所用的棉花皆為本屬植物種筴內的纖維。本屬物種是舊大陸和新大陸上熱帶及亞熱帶地區的原生物種。現時整個屬包括有約50個物種[3],使之成為棉族之下物種多元化最高的屬。估計未來仍有可能發現新的物種[3]。
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日常生活所用的棉花主要由四個栽培棉種組成,即亞洲棉、非洲棉、大陸棉(又叫細絨棉)、海島棉(又叫長絨棉)。
本屬共有約54個受承認的物種:
- Gossypium anapoides J.M.Stewart, Craven, Brubaker & Wendel
- 異常棉 Gossypium anomalum Wawra & Peyr.
- 樹棉 Gossypium arboreum L.
- Gossypium areysianum Deflers
- Gossypium aridum (Rose & Standl.) Skovst.
- 澳洲棉 Gossypium australe F.Muell.
- 海島棉 Gossypium barbadense L.
- 比克氏棉 Gossypium bickii (F.M.Bailey) Prokh.
- Gossypium bricchettii (Ulbr.) Vollesen
- Gossypium californicum Mauer
- Gossypium contextum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium costulatum Tod.
- Gossypium cunninghamii Tod.
- Gossypium darwinii G.Watt
- Gossypium dicladum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium ekmanianum Wittm.
- Gossypium enthyle Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium exiguum Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium gossypioides (Ulbr.) Standl.
- Gossypium harknessii Brandegee
- 草棉 Gossypium herbaceum L.
- 陸地棉 Gossypium hirsutum L.
- Gossypium hypadenum O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium incanum (O.Schwartz) Hillc.
- 依勒內氏棉 Gossypium irenaeum Lewton
- 克勞茨基棉 Gossypium klotzschianum Andersson
- 鬆散棉 Gossypium laxum L.Ll.Phillips
- 裂片棉 Gossypium lobatum Gentry
- Gossypium londonderriense Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- 長萼棉 Gossypium longicalyx J.B.Hutch. & B.J.S.Lee
- Gossypium marchantii Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium morrilli O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- 黃褐棉 Gossypium mustelinum Miers ex G.Watt
- Gossypium nelsonii Fryxell
- Gossypium nobile Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium patens O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb.
- Gossypium pilosum Fryxell
- Gossypium populifolium (Benth.) F.Muell. ex Tod.
- Gossypium pulchellum (C.A.Gardner) Fryxell
- 雷蒙德氏棉 Gossypium raimondii Ulbr.
- Gossypium robinsonii F.Muell.
- Gossypium rotundifolium Fryxell, Craven & J.M.Stewart
- Gossypium schwendimanii Fryxell & S.D.Koch
- 索馬利亞棉 Gossypium somalense (Gürke) J.B.Hutch., Silow & S.G.Stephens
- Gossypium stephensii J.P.Gallagher, C.E.Grover & Wendel
- Gossypium stocksii Mast.
- Gossypium sturtianum (R.Br.) J.H.Willis
- 瑟伯氏棉 Gossypium thurberi Tod.
- 毛棉 Gossypium timorense Prokh.
- Gossypium trifurcatum Vollesen
- Gossypium trilobum (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Skovst.
- 三葉棉 Gossypium triphyllum (Haw.) Hochr.
- Gossypium turneri Fryxell
- Gossypium vollesenii Fryxell
中國植棉大約有2000年的歷史。但到1950年代末,陸地棉成為主要品種,其次是長絨棉。長絨棉纖維較長,從前蘇聯引進,所以在新疆一些地區有一定產量。中國是世界第一大產棉國,其次是美國,第三是烏茲別克斯坦。
Genus: Gossypium L. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-12 [2011-09-08]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-17).
Gossypium L.. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. [2019-09-07]. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-13).
Jonathan F. Wendel, Curt Brubaker, Ines Alvarez, Richard Cronn and James McD. Stewart. 2009. Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus. In Andrew H. Paterson (Ed.). Genetics and Genomics of Cotton. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, 2009, Volume 3, 3–22.