額爾金石雕

額爾金石雕
Elgin Marbles
額爾金石雕; Elgin Marbles
藝術家	菲狄亞斯
年份	c. 447–438 BC
類型	大理石
尺寸	75公尺（247 ft）
收藏地	倫敦
藏主	大英博物館

額爾金石雕（英語：Elgin Marbles），另譯帕德嫩石雕（英語：Parthenon Marbles），是古希臘時期雕塑家菲狄亞斯及其助手創作的一組大理石雕，原藏於帕德嫩神廟和雅典衛城的其他建築中^[1]^[2]。

Quick Facts 額爾金石雕 Elgin Marbles, 藝術家 ...

Close

1801年第七代額爾金伯爵湯瑪斯·布魯斯從當時統治者希臘的鄂圖曼帝國高門那裡獲得許可^[3]，將這些浮雕陸續從希臘運往英國。當時英國輿論對此有所爭議，而反對者中，詩人拜倫就直斥此舉形同搶劫^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。英國議會在一番爭辯之後^[8]，決定不追訴額爾金的行為，而額爾金則在1816年將這些石雕賣給了英國政府，最後藏於大英博物館^[9]。

1832年希臘獨立之後，希臘政府開始追索這些失去的石雕^[10]^[11]，多次要求英國政府物歸原主。2014年聯合國教科文組織從中協調，但最終大英博物館方面仍然拒絕歸還額爾金石雕。^[12]^[13]^[14]

收購

1798年11月，額爾金侯爵獲封英王遣土耳其蘇丹大使（Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey），臨走前他詢問英國政府是否有意僱傭一些藝術家臨摹帕德嫩神廟的雕塑，但收到了令人沮喪的回覆。^[15]

於是他自己出資僱傭了喬凡尼·巴蒂斯塔·魯西埃里在內的一批藝術家^[15]。雖然一開始他只是想臨摹一些神廟裡的雕塑作品，但隨即發現神廟的保護狀況相當糟糕，很多大理石雕被當地人拿走燒成了石灰以建造其他建築^[15]。於是1801年額爾金決定將帕德嫩神廟的雕塑搬回英國。^[16]

1812年整個搬遷項目完工，總共花去了他7萬英鎊^[17]。他本想用它們來裝飾自己在丹夫林的家，但由於和妻子離婚引發個人經濟危機，所以不得不把這些石雕賣掉還債^[18]。他以不足7萬鎊的價格將其賣給大英博物館，拒絕了出價更高的拿破崙等人。^[16]

參考文獻

[1]
What are the 'Elgin Marbles'?. britishmuseum.org. [2009-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-20）.
[2]
Elgin Marbles – Greek sculpture. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2009-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-05）.
[3]
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles. London: Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co. 1816.
[4]
Encyclopædia Britannica, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.
[5]
Linda Theodorou; Dana Facaros. Greece (Cadogan Country Guides). Cadogan Guides. 2003: 55. ISBN 1-86011-898-4.
[6]
Dyson, Stephen L. Eugenie Sellers Strong: portrait of an archaeologist. London: Duckworth. 2004. ISBN 0-7156-3219-1.
[7]
Mark Ellingham, Tim Salmon, Marc Dubin, Natania Jansz, John Fisher, Greece: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 1992,ISBN 1-85828-020-6, p.39
[8]
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816. Google ebook. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-08）.
[9]
The Parthenon Sculptures: The position of the Trustees of the British Museum. British Museum. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.
[10]
The Background of the Removal. Greek Ministry of Culture. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-07-28）.
[11]
Acropolis, Athens. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-11）.
[12]
UNESCO Letter to British Government for the return of Parthenon's Marbles. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-19）.
[13]
UK has not written back to UNESCO Letter (PDF). UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-10-15）.
[14]
Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures. BBC News. [2015-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.
[15]
Casey, Christopher. "Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. 30 October 2008 [2009-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-13）.
[16]
King, Dorothy. Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?. London: The Guardian. 2004-07-21 [2009-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-19）.
[17]
Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineElgin Marbles. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-02）.
[18]
As reported by John E. Simmons in: Museums: A History, chapter 7, Rowman & Littlefield, 07.07.2016 - 326 pages

擴展閱讀

Beard, Mary. The Parthenon 2nd. Profile Books. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84668-349-7.
Fehlmann, Marc. Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles. Apollo. June 2007: 44–51 [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-06）.
Greenfield, Jeanette. The Return of Cultural Treasures 3rd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780521802161.
Hitchens, Christopher. Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles. London: Chatto and Windus. 1987. ISBN 978-0-8090-4189-3. (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns)
Jenkins, Ian. The Parthenon Frieze. London: British Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 9780714122007.
Jenkins, Tiffany. Keeping Their Marbles: how the treasures of the past ended up in museums – and why they should stay there. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780199657599.
King, Dorothy. The Elgin Marbles. London: Hutchinson. 2006. ISBN 978-0-09-180013-0.
Queyrel, François. Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire. Paris: Bartillat. 2008 [2018-04-15]. ISBN 978-2-84100-435-5. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-29）.
St Clair, William. Lord Elgin and the Marbles 4th. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0192880535.
Titi, Catharine. The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. 2023. ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9.

外部連結

開放目錄專案中的「Parthenon」
Acropolis Museum （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The Parthenon Frieze（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The British Museum Parthenon pages （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
An interpretation of the meaning of the Marbles
Location of the parts of the Parthenon around the world（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Greek pupils demand return of Elgin Marbles （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） BBC

[1] [1]
What are the 'Elgin Marbles'?. britishmuseum.org. [2009-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-20）.

[2] [2]
Elgin Marbles – Greek sculpture. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2009-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-05）.

[3] [3]
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles. London: Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co. 1816.

[BritA-4] [4]
Encyclopædia Britannica, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.

[5] [5]
Linda Theodorou; Dana Facaros. Greece (Cadogan Country Guides). Cadogan Guides. 2003: 55. ISBN 1-86011-898-4.

[6] [6]
Dyson, Stephen L. Eugenie Sellers Strong: portrait of an archaeologist. London: Duckworth. 2004. ISBN 0-7156-3219-1.

[7] [7]
Mark Ellingham, Tim Salmon, Marc Dubin, Natania Jansz, John Fisher, Greece: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 1992,ISBN 1-85828-020-6, p.39

[Report_from_the_Select_Committee_of_the_House_of_Commons_on_the_Earl_of_Elgin's_Collection_of_Sculptured_Marbles-8] [8]
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816. Google ebook. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-08）.

[The_Parthenon_Sculptures:_The_position_of_the_Trustees_of_the_British_Museum_claim_Elgin_is_now_Mr_Steal_Your_Marbles.-9] [9]
The Parthenon Sculptures: The position of the Trustees of the British Museum. British Museum. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.

[Ministry_of_Culture:_The_Background_of_the_Removal-10] [10]
The Background of the Removal. Greek Ministry of Culture. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-07-28）.

[UNESCO:_Acropolis,_Athens-11] [11]
Acropolis, Athens. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-11）.

[UNESCO_Letter_to_British_Government_for_the_return_of_Parthenon's_Marbles-12] [12]
UNESCO Letter to British Government for the return of Parthenon's Marbles. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-19）.

[UK_has_not_written_back_to_UNESCO_Letter-13] [13]
UK has not written back to UNESCO Letter (PDF). UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-10-15）.

[14] [14]
Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures. BBC News. [2015-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.

[Casey-15] [15]
Casey, Christopher. "Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. 30 October 2008 [2009-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-13）.

[guardian_faq-16] [16]
King, Dorothy. Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?. London: The Guardian. 2004-07-21 [2009-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-19）.

[17] [17]
Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineElgin Marbles. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2011-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-02）.

[18] [18]
As reported by John E. Simmons in: Museums: A History, chapter 7, Rowman & Littlefield, 07.07.2016 - 326 pages

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]