覺醒

覺醒是一種每天反覆出現的大腦狀態和意識狀態，在這種狀態下，個體有意識並對外部世界做出連貫的認知和行為反應。

覺醒與睡眠相反，在睡眠中，大腦的大多數外部輸入都被排除在神經處理之外。 ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

大腦覺醒的時間越長，大腦皮層神經元的同步放電率就越高。持續睡眠一段時間後，神經元放電的速度和同步性都會降低。 ^[5]

覺醒的另一個影響是星形膠質細胞中的糖原減少，而星形膠質細胞為神經元提供能量。研究表明，睡眠的基本功能之一是補充糖原能量來源。 ^[6]

覺醒是由腦幹中產生的多個神經遞質系統之間複雜的相互作用產生的，並通過中腦、下視丘、視丘和基底前腦上升。 ^[7]下視丘後部在維持覺醒的皮質激活中發揮著關鍵作用。起源於大腦這一部分的幾個系統控制著從覺醒到睡眠以及從睡眠到覺醒的轉變。結節乳頭核和附近相鄰的下視丘後部中的組胺神經元投射到整個大腦，是迄今為止在大腦中發現的最具喚醒選擇性的系統。 ^[8]另一個關鍵系統是由食慾素（也稱為下視丘分泌素）投射神經元提供的。它們存在於組胺神經元附近的區域，並且像它們一樣廣泛投射到大多數大腦區域並與喚醒相關。 ^[9]食慾素缺乏已被確定是導致發作性睡病的原因。 ^[10]

研究表明，食慾素和組胺神經元在控制覺醒方面發揮著不同但互補的作用，食慾素更多地參與覺醒行為，而組胺則與認知和皮質腦電圖激活有關。 ^[11]

有人認為，胎兒不清醒，由於出生的壓力和相關的藍斑激活，新生兒發生清醒。 ^[12]

夢的爭論
尤吉羅克
高電導狀態
清醒夢
夢遊

[1]
Sleep, dreams and wakefulness. univ-lyon1.fr. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於30 September 2007）.
[2]
Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams. www.csun.edu. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-02）.
[3]
The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness. Damn Interesting. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-17）.
[4]
Martin, Richard. It's Wake-Up Time. Wired. 1 November 2003 [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-17）.
[5]
Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G. Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis. Neuron. 2009, 63 (6): 865–78. PMC 2819325 . PMID 19778514. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024.
[6]
Benington, JH; Heller, HC. Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Progress in Neurobiology. 1995, 45 (4): 347–60. PMID 7624482. S2CID 39737626. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O.
[7]
Brown, RE; Basheer, R; McKenna, JT; Strecker, RE; McCarley, RW. Control of Sleep and Wakefulness. Physiological Reviews. 2012, 92 (3): 1087–1187. PMC 3621793 . PMID 22811426. doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011.</
[8]
Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K. Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006, 26 (40): 10292–8 [2024-01-06]. PMC 6674640 . PMID 17021184. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006 . （原始內容存檔於2019-05-01）.
[9]
Sakurai, T. The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2007, 8 (3): 171–81. PMID 17299454. S2CID 8932862. doi:10.1038/nrn2092.
[10]
Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999, 98 (4): 437–51. PMID 10481909. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X .
[11]
Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009, 29 (46): 14423–14438. PMC 2802289 . PMID 19923277. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009.
[12]
Lagercrantz, H. The birth of consciousness. Early Human Development. 2009, 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. PMID 19762170. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017.

維基詞典中的詞條「覺醒」

[1] [1]
Sleep, dreams and wakefulness. univ-lyon1.fr. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於30 September 2007）.

[2] [2]
Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams. www.csun.edu. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-02）.

[3] [3]
The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness. Damn Interesting. [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-17）.

[4] [4]
Martin, Richard. It's Wake-Up Time. Wired. 1 November 2003 [15 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-17）.

[5] [5]
Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G. Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis. Neuron. 2009, 63 (6): 865–78. PMC 2819325 . PMID 19778514. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024.

[6] [6]
Benington, JH; Heller, HC. Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Progress in Neurobiology. 1995, 45 (4): 347–60. PMID 7624482. S2CID 39737626. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O.

[7] [7]
Brown, RE; Basheer, R; McKenna, JT; Strecker, RE; McCarley, RW. Control of Sleep and Wakefulness. Physiological Reviews. 2012, 92 (3): 1087–1187. PMC 3621793 . PMID 22811426. doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011.</

[8] [8]
Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K. Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006, 26 (40): 10292–8 [2024-01-06]. PMC 6674640 . PMID 17021184. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006 . （原始內容存檔於2019-05-01）.

[9] [9]
Sakurai, T. The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2007, 8 (3): 171–81. PMID 17299454. S2CID 8932862. doi:10.1038/nrn2092.

[10] [10]
Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999, 98 (4): 437–51. PMID 10481909. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X .

[11] [11]
Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009, 29 (46): 14423–14438. PMC 2802289 . PMID 19923277. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009.

[12] [12]
Lagercrantz, H. The birth of consciousness. Early Human Development. 2009, 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. PMID 19762170. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017.

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覺醒

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