肉足水薙鳥

淡足鸌
保護狀況
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	鸌形目 Procellariiformes
科：	鸌科 Procellariidae
屬：	水薙鳥屬 Ardenna
種：	淡足鸌 A. carneipes
二名法
	Ardenna carneipes; Gould, 1844

肉足水薙鳥（中國大陸作淡足鸌）（學名：Ardenna carneipes），以前稱為 Puffinus carneipes 是一種中等大小的鸌. 它的羽毛是黑色的。有淡粉色的腳，和一個淡色的喙，喙端有明顯的黑色尖端。

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與同樣淡色喙的粉足鸌一起，形成Hemipuffinus超種，或許與大西洋的灰水薙鳥有近親關係。^[2]^[3]這些大型鸌是那些被分類到水薙鳥屬（Ardenna）的鳥類之一。^[4]

最近的基因分析表明，相對於南澳和西澳的鸌，與在太平洋的鸌之間有強烈的分化證據，這被認為是由於繁殖季節期間的歸巢性和覓食策略的差異所導致的。^[5]

2021年發表的一項分子系統發生學研究發現肉足鸌和粉足鸌（Ardenna creatopus）之間幾乎沒有基因差異。該研究的作者建議這兩個分類群可能更適合作為同種來考慮。^[6]

特徵

肉足水薙鳥體重約609克，翼長約310.2公釐，嘴峰長約47.8公釐，喙寬度約8.9公釐，喙厚度約12.1公釐，跗蹠長約52.1公釐，尾長約110.2公釐。肉足水薙鳥是候鳥，其棲息在開放的海洋及海島環境中，食性為肉食性，主要食物來源是水生動物。^[7]

分布

南印度洋和西南太平洋；越冬於阿拉伯海和西北太平洋。^[8]

肉足鸌在群體中繁殖，並有兩個主要的繁殖區域；一個在西南太平洋包括豪勳爵島（22,654對^[9]，南澳（約1,800對在兩個島上繁殖^[10]和紐西蘭北部（13,000對^[11]；另一個群體包括不超過36,000對在從盧恩角到里歇什群島沿西澳海岸的42個島嶼上繁殖。^[12]

另外有500對在印度洋的聖保羅島繁殖。記錄顯示在阿拉伯海的巴基斯坦阿斯托拉島上也有發現，但未被證實。最近的證據顯示該物種的族群在其大部分範圍內正在下降。^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]該物種最近在澳大利亞被列為近危^[19]，在紐西蘭被列為國家易危，^[20]並建議列入《保護信天翁和鸌類協議》。^[21] 在澳洲各省，該物種在西澳^[22]和新南威爾斯被列為易危，在南澳被列為稀有。

該物種作為（北方）夏季訪客出現在北太平洋，^[23]在漁撈過程中可能有大量被誤捕。^[24]^[25]該物種還受到氣候相關影響^[26]和顯著的重金屬污染的影響，其原因尚不完全清楚，但很可能是由於攝入大量塑膠導致，鳥類會將其誤認為漂浮在海面上的食物。^[27]^[28]^[29]

參考文獻

淡足鸌 Puffinus carneipes Gould, 1844. 臺灣物種名錄. 臺灣: 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心. [2013-01-24] （中文（臺灣））.

[1]
BirdLife International. Ardenna carneipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019, 2019: e.T22698188A155469189 [11 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22698188A155469189.en .
[2]
Austin, J.J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 77-88
[3]
Austin, J.J., Bretagnolle, V., Pasquet, E., 2004. A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little–Audubon's Shearwater complex. Auk 121: 847–864
[4]
Penhallurick, J., and Wink, M. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu 104: 125-147
[5]
Lombal, Anicee J.; Wenner, Theodore J.; Lavers, Jennifer L.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Woehler, Eric J.; Hutton, Ian; Burridge, Christopher P. Genetic divergence between colonies of Flesh-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes exhibiting different foraging strategies. Conservation Genetics. February 2018, 19 (1): 27–41. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 203717. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0994-y.
[6]
Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; González-Solís, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds. Journal of Biogeography. 2022, 49 (1): 171–188. doi:10.1111/jbi.14291 . hdl:2445/193747 .
[7]
Tobias, J. A.; Sheard, C.; Pigot, A. L.; Devenish, A. J. M.; Yang, J.; Sayol, F.; Neate‐Clegg, M. H. C.; Alioravainen, N.; Weeks, T. L.; Barber, R. A.; Walkden, P. A. AVONET: Morphological, Ecological and Geographical Data for all Birds. Ecology Letters. 2022, 25 (3) [2022-08-19]. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1111/ele.13898. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-07）（英語）.
[8]
Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Billerman, S. M.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, D.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021.. 2021 [2022-08-19]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-12）.
[9]
Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 . hdl:10141/622450 .
[10]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
[11]
Waugh, S. M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. 2013. Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga, 24: 159–204.
[12]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
[13]
Reid T, Hindell M, Lavers JL, Wilcox C (2013) Re-examining mortality sources and population trends in a declining seabird: using Bayesian methods to incorporate existing information and new data. PLoS One 8:e58230
[14]
Waugh SM, Tennyson A, Taylor G, Wilson K-J (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24:159-204
[15]
Priddel D, Carlile N, Fullagar P, Hutton I, O'Neill L (2006) Decline in the distribution and abundance of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) on Lord Howe Island, Australia. Biological Conservation 128:412-424
[16]
Waugh, S.M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24: 159-204
[17]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
[18]
Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 . hdl:10141/622450 .
[19]
Garnett S, Szabo J, Dutson G (2011) The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010.
[20]
Robertson HA, Dowding JE, Elliott GP, Hitchmough RA, Miskelly CM, O』Donnell CFJ, Powlesland RG, Sagar PM, Scofield RP, Taylor GA. 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand birds 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 4. Department of Conservation, Wellington
[21]
Cooper J, Baker GB, 2008. Identifying candidate species for inclusion within the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. Marine Ornithology 36: 1-8.
[22]
DPaW, 2015. Wildlife conservation (specially protected fauna) notice 2015, Government gazette of Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth
[23]
Bond AL and Lavers JL. 2015. Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean: a summary and synthesis of records from Canada and Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 129: 263-267
[24]
Reid T, Tuck GN, Hindell MA, Thalmann S, Phillips RA, Wilcox C (2013) Nonbreeding distribution of Flesh-footed Shearwaters and the potential for overlap with north Pacific fisheries. Biological Conservation 166:3-10
[25]
Lavers JL, Bond AL, Van Wilgenburg SL, and Hobson KA. 2013. Linking at-sea mortality of a pelagic shearwater to breeding colonies of origin using biogeochemical markers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 491:265-275
[26]
Bond AL, Lavers JL (2014) Climate change alters the trophic niche of a declining apex marine predator. Global Change Biology 20: 2100-2107
[27]
Bond AL, Lavers JL (2011) Trace element concentrations in feathers of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from across their breeding range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:318-326
[28]
Lavers JL, Bond AL, Hutton I (2014) Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environmental Pollution 187: 124-129
[29]
Hutton I, Carlile N, Priddel D, 2008. Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters, Puffinus carneipes, and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania

[iucn_status_11_November_2021-1] [1]
BirdLife International. Ardenna carneipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019, 2019: e.T22698188A155469189 [11 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22698188A155469189.en .

[2] [2]
Austin, J.J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 77-88

[3] [3]
Austin, J.J., Bretagnolle, V., Pasquet, E., 2004. A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little–Audubon's Shearwater complex. Auk 121: 847–864

[4] [4]
Penhallurick, J., and Wink, M. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu 104: 125-147

[5] [5]
Lombal, Anicee J.; Wenner, Theodore J.; Lavers, Jennifer L.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Woehler, Eric J.; Hutton, Ian; Burridge, Christopher P. Genetic divergence between colonies of Flesh-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes exhibiting different foraging strategies. Conservation Genetics. February 2018, 19 (1): 27–41. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 203717. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0994-y.

[6] [6]
Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; González-Solís, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds. Journal of Biogeography. 2022, 49 (1): 171–188. doi:10.1111/jbi.14291 . hdl:2445/193747 .

[avonet-7] [7]
Tobias, J. A.; Sheard, C.; Pigot, A. L.; Devenish, A. J. M.; Yang, J.; Sayol, F.; Neate‐Clegg, M. H. C.; Alioravainen, N.; Weeks, T. L.; Barber, R. A.; Walkden, P. A. AVONET: Morphological, Ecological and Geographical Data for all Birds. Ecology Letters. 2022, 25 (3) [2022-08-19]. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1111/ele.13898. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-07）（英語）.

[clements-8] [8]
Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Billerman, S. M.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, D.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021.. 2021 [2022-08-19]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-12）.

[9] [9]
Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 . hdl:10141/622450 .

[10] [10]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164

[11] [11]
Waugh, S. M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. 2013. Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga, 24: 159–204.

[12] [12]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164

[13] [13]
Reid T, Hindell M, Lavers JL, Wilcox C (2013) Re-examining mortality sources and population trends in a declining seabird: using Bayesian methods to incorporate existing information and new data. PLoS One 8:e58230

[14] [14]
Waugh SM, Tennyson A, Taylor G, Wilson K-J (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24:159-204

[15] [15]
Priddel D, Carlile N, Fullagar P, Hutton I, O'Neill L (2006) Decline in the distribution and abundance of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) on Lord Howe Island, Australia. Biological Conservation 128:412-424

[16] [16]
Waugh, S.M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24: 159-204

[17] [17]
Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164

[18] [18]
Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 . hdl:10141/622450 .

[19] [19]
Garnett S, Szabo J, Dutson G (2011) The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010.

[20] [20]
Robertson HA, Dowding JE, Elliott GP, Hitchmough RA, Miskelly CM, O』Donnell CFJ, Powlesland RG, Sagar PM, Scofield RP, Taylor GA. 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand birds 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 4. Department of Conservation, Wellington

[21] [21]
Cooper J, Baker GB, 2008. Identifying candidate species for inclusion within the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. Marine Ornithology 36: 1-8.

[22] [22]
DPaW, 2015. Wildlife conservation (specially protected fauna) notice 2015, Government gazette of Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth

[23] [23]
Bond AL and Lavers JL. 2015. Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean: a summary and synthesis of records from Canada and Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 129: 263-267

[24] [24]
Reid T, Tuck GN, Hindell MA, Thalmann S, Phillips RA, Wilcox C (2013) Nonbreeding distribution of Flesh-footed Shearwaters and the potential for overlap with north Pacific fisheries. Biological Conservation 166:3-10

[25] [25]
Lavers JL, Bond AL, Van Wilgenburg SL, and Hobson KA. 2013. Linking at-sea mortality of a pelagic shearwater to breeding colonies of origin using biogeochemical markers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 491:265-275

[26] [26]
Bond AL, Lavers JL (2014) Climate change alters the trophic niche of a declining apex marine predator. Global Change Biology 20: 2100-2107

[27] [27]
Bond AL, Lavers JL (2011) Trace element concentrations in feathers of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from across their breeding range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:318-326

[28] [28]
Lavers JL, Bond AL, Hutton I (2014) Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environmental Pollution 187: 124-129

[29] [29]
Hutton I, Carlile N, Priddel D, 2008. Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters, Puffinus carneipes, and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania

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