Krzewińska et al. (2018)發現，塞那亞文化的男性成員身上的Y染色體屬於單倍群R1a1a1（R1a-M417），而這個單倍群在青銅時代擴張到幾乎整個歐亞大陸。相比之下，6具目前在東歐發現的古典斯基泰人（或稱為「真斯基泰人」）的男性古屍卻屬於常見於西歐人的R1b1a1a2（R1b-M269）並與阿凡納謝沃文化、安德羅諾沃文化有緊密關係。作者認為，斯基泰人並非塞那亞文化的直接後代，但他們都源自於顏那亞文化。而斯基泰人與其他物質文化相似的遠東族群在基因上有著巨大差異，因此可以判斷他們是獨立的族群，只是在物質文化上可能有著共同的源頭，其傳播位置大約在東歐大草原東部到烏拉爾山脈南麓[42]。
Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin [...]"
Harmatta 1996，第181頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHarmatta1996 (幫助): "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples."
Sulimirski 1985，第149–153頁: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" [...]"
West 2002，第437–440頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWest2002 (幫助): "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"
Rolle 1989，第56頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRolle1989 (幫助): "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples."
Rostovtzeff 1922，第13頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFRostovtzeff1922 (幫助): "The Scythian kingdom [...] was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves."
Minns 2011，第36頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMinns2011 (幫助): "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."
Dandamayev 1994，第37頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDandamayev1994 (幫助): "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995，第91頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995 (幫助): "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science [...]"
Melykova 1990，第97–98頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMelykova1990 (幫助): "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...]"
Melykova 1990，第117頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMelykova1990 (幫助): "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group [...]"
Sulimirski 1985，第149–153頁: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...]"
Jacobson 1995，第36–37頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFJacobson1995 (幫助): "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"
Beckwith 2009，第117頁: "The Scythians, or Northern Iranians, who were culturally and ethnolinguistically a single group at the beginning of their expansion, had earlier controlled the entire steppe zone."
Beckwith 2009，第377–380頁: "The preservation of the earlier form. *Sakla. in the extreme eastern dialects supports the historicity of the conquest of the entire steppe zone by the Northern Iranians—literally, by the 'Scythians'—in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age [...]"
Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002，第39頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002 (幫助): "Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations."
Mallory & Adams 1997，第523頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMalloryAdams1997 (幫助): "In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations."
Kramrisch, Stella. Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [September 1, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-26）. The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.
Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin [...] Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive 『Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture [...]
* Dandamayev 1994，第37頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDandamayev1994 (幫助): "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
Cernenko 2012，第3頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCernenko2012 (幫助): "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."
Melykova 1990，第97–98頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMelykova1990 (幫助): "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."
Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BCE (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"
Sulimirski 1985，第149–153頁: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths", the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."
Sulimirski & Taylor 1991，第547頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991 (幫助): "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."
West 2002，第437–440頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWest2002 (幫助): "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"
Jacobson 1995，第36–37頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFJacobson1995 (幫助): "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"
Di Cosmo 1999，第924頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999 (幫助): "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."
Rice, Tamara Talbot. Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [October 4, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-26）. [Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.
Di Cosmo 1999，第891頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999 (幫助): "Even though there were fundamental ways in which nomadic groups over such a vast territory differed, the terms "Scythian" and "Scythic" have been widely adopted to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Archaeologists have used the term "Scythic continuum" in a broad cultural sense to indicate the early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe. The term "Scythic" draws attention to the fact that there are elements – shapes of weapons, vessels, and ornaments, as well as lifestyle – common to both the eastern and western ends of the Eurasian steppe region. However, the extension and variety of sites across Asia makes Scythian and Scythic terms too broad to be viable, and the more neutral "early nomadic" is preferable, since the cultures of the Northern Zone cannot be directly associated with either the historical Scythians or any specific archaeological culture defined as Saka or Scytho-Siberian."
Unterländer, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, 8: 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive 『Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture and referred to as 『Scythians'. For simplification we will use 『Scythian' in the following text for all groups of Iron Age steppe nomads commonly associated with the Scythian culture.
Watson 1972，第142頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFWatson1972 (幫助): "The term 'Scythic' has been used above to denote a group of basic traits which characterize material culture from the fifth to the first century B.C. in the whole zone stretching from the Transpontine steppe to the Ordos, and without ethnic connotation. How far nomadic populations in central Asia and the eastern steppes may be of Scythian, Iranic, race, or contain such elements makes a precarious speculation."
Bruno & McNiven 2018 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBrunoMcNiven2018 (幫助): "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi) [...]"
Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. ISBN3-7001-0994-6 in Kim, op.cit., 54.
Hippocrates 1886 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHippocrates1886 (幫助), 20 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） "The Scythians are a ruddy race because of the cold, not through any fierceness in the sun's heat. It is the cold that burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."
Pliny 1855 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFPliny1855 (幫助), Book VI, Chap. 24 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ". These people, they said, exceeded the ordinary human height, had flaxen hair, and blue eyes [...]"
Mary, Laura. Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Human Genetics. March 28, 2019, 138 (4): 411–423. PMID 30923892. S2CID 85542410. doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y. The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them
Alekseev, A. Yu. et al., "Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and 14C Data". Radiocarbon, Vol .43, No 2B, 2001, p 1085–1107.
Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6 (pbk).
Gamkrelidze and Ivanov (1984). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Typological Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture (Parts I and II). Tbilisi State University.
Harmatta, J., "Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians", Acta Universitatis de Attila József Nominatae. Acta antique et archaeologica Tomus XIII. Szeged 1970, Kroraina.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
（德文） Jaedtke, Wolfgang. Steppenkind, Piper Verlag, Munich 2008. ISBN 978-3-492-25146-4. This novel contains detailed descriptions of the life of nomadic Scythians around 700 BC.
Johnson, James William, "The Scythian: His Rise and Fall", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr., 1959), pp. 250–257, University of Pennsylvania Press, JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Lebedynsky, I. (2001). "Les Scythes: la civilisation nomade des steppes VIIe–IIIe siècle av. J.-C." / Errance, Paris.
Lebedynsky Iaroslav (2006) "Les Saces", Editions Errance, ISBN 2-87772-337-2
Mallory, J.P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth. Thames and Hudson. Chapter 2; and pages 51–53 for a quick reference.
Newark, T. (1985). The Barbarians: Warriors and wars of the Dark Ages. Blandford: New York. See pages 65, 85, 87, 119–139.
Renfrew, C. (1988). Archeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European origins. Cambridge University Press.
Rolle, Renate, The world of the Scythians, London and New York (1989).
（俄文）Rybakov, Boris. Paganism of Ancient Rus. Nauka, Moscow, 1987
Torday, Laszlo (1998). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham Academic Press. ISBN 1-900838-03-6.
Livio Stecchini, "The Mapping of the Earth: Scythia" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: reconstructing the map of Scythia according to the conceptual geography of Herodotus
Livio Stecchini, "The Mapping of the Earth: Gerrhos" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
. PMID 28256537. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. 
