艾爾·葛雷柯（西班牙語：El Greco，1541年—1614年4月7日），西班牙文藝復興時期畫家、雕塑家與建築家。「艾爾·葛雷柯」在西班牙文中意為「希臘人」，是依葛雷柯的希臘血統而取的別名；葛雷柯在畫作上通常署名以希臘文本名多米尼克·提托克波洛斯（希臘語：Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος，西班牙語：Doménikos Theotokópoulos）。
Quick Facts 艾爾·葛雷柯, 出生 ...
Close
葛雷柯出生於後拜占庭藝術時期的克里特，當時為威尼斯共和國所治理。他原受傳統繪畫教育，直到26歲時，和許多希臘藝術家一樣，動身前往威尼斯旅行後畫風丕變[1]。1570年，葛雷柯遷居至羅馬，在當地經營一間工作坊、創作了一系列的作品。在此期間，葛雷柯受到威尼斯文藝復興的薰染，在畫風中融入了矯飾主義。1577年，他轉往西班牙托雷多發展，直到逝世。在托雷多，葛雷柯接受了些許重要的委託，並創作出他最著名的畫作。
葛雷柯兼具戲劇性與表現主義的畫風在當代並不受寵，但在20世紀獲肯。葛雷柯被公認是表現主義及立體主義先驅。葛雷柯被現代學者視為一極與眾不同、具高度個人色彩的藝術家，不屬任何傳統流派[2]。他的畫作以彎曲瘦長的身形為特色，用色怪誕而變幻無常，融合了拜占庭傳統與西方繪畫風格[3]。
-
天使報喜
-
慈善聖母
-
聖母無原罪
-
基督將貨幣兌換者趕出聖殿
-
基督使盲人復明
-
救世主基督
-
拉奧孔
-
手放在胸前的貴族
-
聖方濟各接受聖痕
-
聖哲羅姆
-
聖哲羅姆
-
弗雷·霍坦西奧·費利克斯·帕拉維奇諾
-
比薩的弗朗西斯科博士肖像
-
有鬍鬚者的肖像
J. Brown, El Greco of Toledo, 75-77
M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 60
- Acton, Mary. Learning to Look at Paintings. 牛津大學出版. 1991. ISBN 0-521-40107-0.
- Allardyce, Isabel. Our Lady of Charity, at Illescas. Historic Shrines of Spain 1912. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3621-3.
- Álvarez Lopera, José. El Greco: From Crete to Toledo (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). in M. Tazartes' "El Greco". Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2.
- Anstis, Stuart. Was El Greco Astigmatic (PDF). Leonardo. 2002, 35 (2): 208 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.1162/00240940252940612. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2007-07-04）.
- Arslan, Edoardo. Cronisteria del Greco Madonnero. Commentari. 1964, xv (5): 213–231.
- Boubli, Lizzie. Michelangelo and Spain: on the Dissemination of his Draughtmanship. Reactions to the Master edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Paul Joannides. 阿什蓋特出版有限公司. 2003. ISBN 0-7546-0807-7.
- Braham, Allan. Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). June 1966, 108 (759): 307–310.
- Bray, Xavier. El Greco. 國家美術館公司，倫敦. 2004. ISBN 1857093151.
- Brown, Jonathan (ed.). El Greco and Toledo. El Greco of Toledo (目錄). 小布朗出版. 1982. ASIN B-000H4-58C-Y.
- Brown Jonathan, Kagan Richard L. View of Toledo. Studies in the History of Art. 1982, 11: 19–30.
- Brown Jonathan, Mann Richard G. Tone. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries. 洛特列治 (英). 1997. ISBN 0-415-14889-8.
- Byron, Robert. Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). October 1929, 55 (319): 160–174.
- Constantoudaki, Maria. D. Theotocópoulos, from Candia to Venice (in Greek). Bulletin of the Christian Archeological Society. 1975–1976,. 8 (period IV): 55–71.
- Cormack, Robin. Painting the Soul, Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds. 瑞科圖書，倫敦. 1997.
- Cossío, Manuel Bartolomé. El Greco (in Spanish). Victoriano Suárez，馬德里. 1908.
- Crow, John Armstrong. The Fine Arts — End of the Golden Age. Spain: The Root and the Flower. 加州大學出版. 1985. ISBN 0-520-05133-5.
- Davies, David. The Byzantine Legacy in the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990.
- Davies, David. The Influence of Christian Neo-Platonism on the Art of El Greco. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990.
- Engass Robert, Brown Jonathan. Artistic Practice — El Greco versus the Hospital of Charity, Illescas. Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750. 西北大學出版. 1992. ISBN 0-8101-1065-2.
- Fernádez, Francisco de San Román. De la Vida del Greco — Nueva Serie de Documentos Inéditos. Archivo Español del Arte y Arqueologia. 1927, 8: 172–184.
- Foundoulaki, Efi. From El Greco to Cézanne. From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). 國家美術館-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992.
- Foundoulaki, Efi. Reading El Greco through Manet (in Greek). Anti. 24 August 1990, (445): 40–47.
- Gautier, Théophile. Chapitre X. Voyage en Espagne (in French). Gallimard-Jeunesse. 1981. ISBN 2-07-037295-2.
- Greco, El. 大英百科全書. 2002.
- Grierson, Ian. Who am Eye. The Eye Book. 利物浦大學出版. 2000. ISBN 0-85323-755-7.
- Griffith, William. El Greco. Great Painters and Their Famous Bible Pictures. 基辛格出版. 2005. ISBN 1-4179-0608-1.
- Gudiol, José. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, El Greco, 1541–1614. 維京出版. 1973. ASIN B-0006C-8T6-E.
- Gudiol, José. Iconography and Chronology in El Greco's Paintings of St. Francis. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). September 1962, 44 (3): 195–203 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3048016. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）.
- Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Doménicos Theotocópoulos, 450 Years from his Birth. El Greco of Crete (proceedings) edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou. Herakleion. 1990.
- Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos and the Problems of their Interpretation. Meanings of the Image edited by Nicos Hadjinicolaou (in Greek). 克里特大學. 1994. ISBN 960-7309-65-0.
- Harris, Enriquetta. A Decorative Scheme by El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). April 1938, 72 (421): 154–155+157–159+162–164.
- Helm, Robert Meredith. The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco. Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics edited by Aphrodite Alexandrakis and Nicholas J. Moutafakis. SUNY 出版. 2001. ISBN 0-7914-5279-4.
- Hispanic Society of America. El Greco in the Collection of the Hispanic Society of America. Printed by order of the trustees. 1927.
- Johnson, Ron. Picasso's "Demoiselles d'Avignon" and the Theatre of the Absurd. Arts Magazine. October 1980, V (2): 102–113.
- Kandinsky Wassily, Marc Franz. L'Almanach du "Blaue Reiter". Klincksieck. 1987. ISBN 2-252-02567-0.
- Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco-The Greek. Kastaniotis. 1999. ISBN 960-03-2544-8.
- Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. El Greco, the Puzzle. Doménicos Theotocópoulos today. To Vima. 19 April 1987.
- Lambraki-Plaka, Marina. From El Greco to Cézanne (An "Imaginary Museum" with Masterpieces of Three Centuries). From El Greco to Cézanne (catalogue). National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum. 1992.
- Landon, A.E. Reincarnation Magazine 1925. 基辛格出版. 2003. ISBN 0-7661-3775-9.
- Lefaivre Liane, Tzonis Alexander. El Greco (Domenico Theotocopoulos). El Greco—The Greek. 洛特列治 (英). 2003. ISBN 0-415-26025-6.
- Mango Cyril, Jeffreys Elizabeth. Towards a Franco-Greek Culture. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 牛津大學出版. 2002. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.
- Mann, Richard G. Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work (PDF). Journal of the Rocky Mountain (中世紀與文藝復興協會). 2002, 23: 83–110 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2006-09-06）.
- Marias, Fernando. El Greco's Artistic Thought. El Greco, Identity and Transformation edited by Alvarez Lopera. Skira. 1999. ISBN 88-8118-474-5.
- Marias Fernando, Bustamante García Agustín. Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco (in Spanish). Cátedra. 1981. ISBN 84-376-0263-7.
- Mayer, Aygust L. El Greco — An Oriental Artist. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). June 1929, 11 (2): 146–152. doi:10.2307/3045440.
- Mayer, Aygust L. Notes on the Early El Greco. Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). January 1939, 74 (430): 28–29+32–33.
- Meier-Graefe, Julius. The Spanish Journey (translated form German by J. Holroyd-Reece). 喬納森凱普出版社，倫敦. 1926.
- Mertzios, K.D. Selections of the Registers of the Cretan Notary Michael Maras (1538–1578) (in Greek). Cretan Chronicles. 1961–1962, 2 (15–16): 55–71.
- Nagvi-Peters, Fatima. A Turning Point in Rilke's Evolution: The Experience of El Greco. Germanic Review. 22 September 1997, 72 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）.
- Pallucchini, Rodolfo. Some Early Works by El Greco. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). May 1948, 90 (542): 130–135, 137.
- Panayotakis, Nikolaos M. "The Cretan Period of the Life of Doménicos Theotocópoulos. Festschrift In Honor Of Nikos Svoronos, Volume B. 克里特大學出版. 1986.
- Pijoan, Joseph. El Greco — A Spaniard. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). March 1930, 12 (1): 12–19 [2010-01-08]. doi:10.2307/3050759. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）.
- Procopiou, Angelo. El Greco and Cretan Painting. Burlington Magazine (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). March 1952, 94 (588): 74+76–80 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-28）.
- Rassias John, Alexiou Christos, Bien Peter. Greco. Demotic Greek II: The Flying Telephone Booth. UPNE. 1982. ISBN 0-87451-208-5.
- Richardson, John. Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse. The New York Review of Books (伯林頓雜誌出版有限公司). 23 April 1987, 34 (7): 40–47.
- Salas, X. de. The Velazquez Exhibition in Madrid. Burlington Magazine. February 1961, 103 (695): 54–57 [2010-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-15）.
- Sanders Alan, Kearney Richard. Changing Faces. The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture. 洛特列治 (英). 1998. ISBN 0-415-11950-2.
- Scholz-Hansel, Michael. El Greco. 塔森出版社. 1986. ISBN 3-8228-3171-9.
- Sethre, Janet. El Greco. The Souls of Venice. McFarland & Company. 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1573-8.
- Sheehanl, J.J. Critiques of a Museum Culture. Museums in the German Art World. 美國牛津大學出版. 2000. ISBN 0-19-513572-5.
- Souchère de la, Dor. Picasso à Antibes (in French). Fernan Hazan (巴黎). 1960.
- Talbot Rice, David. David Piper , 編. Enjoying Paintings. 倫敦: Penguin. 1964. ASIN B-000-BGRP4-C.
- Tazartes, Mauricia. El Greco (Sofia Giannetsou 譯自希臘文). Explorer. 2005. ISBN 960-7945-83-2.
- Theotocópoulos, Doménicos. 太陽神百科全書. 1952.
- Valliere, James T. The El Greco Influence on Jackson Pollock's Early Works. Art Journal (學院藝術協會). Autumn 1964, 24 (1): 6–9. doi:10.2307/774739.
- Wethey, Harold E. El Greco and his School (Volume II). 普林斯頓大學出版. 1962. ASIN B-0007D-NZV-6.
- Wethey, Harold E. El Greco in Rome and the Portrait of Vincenzo Anastagi. Studies in the History of Art. 1984, 13: 171–178.
- Wethey, Harold E. Letter to the Editor. Art Bulletin (學院藝術協會). March 1966, 48 (1): 125–127.
- Alberge, Dalya. Collector Is Vindicated as Icon Is Hailed as El Greco. 線上時代雜誌. 2006-08-24 [2006-12-17].
- Berg, Liisa. El Greco in Toledo. [2006-10-14]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-28）.
- Cormack, Robin; Vassilaki Maria. The Baptism of Christ New Light on Early El Greco. 阿波羅雜誌. August 2005 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-15）.
- Art: Dominick the Greek. Time. January 1941 [2009-08-28]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-26）.
- El Greco. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of European Paintings. [2006-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-01-12）.
- El Greco Drawings could fetch £400,000. 衛報. 2002-11-23 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-10）.
- Film on life of painter El Greco planned, Athens. 雅典通訊社. 2006-05-09 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-11）.
- Greece buys unique El Greco for 1.2 million dollars, Athens. 雅典通訊社. 1995-06-09 [2006-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-29）.
- Hamerman, Nora. El Greco Paintings Lead Toward 'City of God'. 天主教先驅報. 2003-12-04 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-27）.
- Harrison, Helen A. Art Review; Getting in Touch With That Inner El Greco. 紐約時報. 2005-03-20 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-12）.
- Horsley, Carter B. The Shock of the Old. [2006-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2006-11-12）.
- Irving, Mark. How to Beat the Spanish Inquisition. 週日獨立報. 2004-02-08 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）.
- Jones, Jonathan. The Reluctant Disciple. 衛報. 2004-01-24 [2006-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-02）.
- Kakissis, Joanna. A Cretan Village that Was the Painter's Birthplace Bridles at a nearby Town's Claim. 波士頓環球報. 2005-03-06 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2005-03-11）.
- Katimertzi, Paraskevi. Cubism and El Greco (Ta Nea). [2006-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2005-11-27）.
- Kimmelman, Michael. Art Review; El Greco, Bearer Of Many Gifts. 紐約時報. 2003-10-03 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-11）.
- McGarr, Simon. St Francis Receiving The Stigmata. [2006-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-07）.
- Penny, Nicholas. At the National Gallery. [2006-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2006-12-10）.
- Revelations — The first Major British Retrospective of El Greco Has the Power of a Hand Grenade. 衛報. 2004-02-10 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-13）.
- Romaine, James. El Greco's Mystical Vision. [2006-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2006-12-14）.
- Russel, John. Art View; Seeing the Art of El Greco as never before. 紐約時報. 1982-07-18 [2006-12-17]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-11）.
- Aznar, José Camón. Dominico Greco. Madrid. 1950.
- Davies, David (Editor), Elliott, John H. (Editor), Bray, Xavier (Contributor), Christiansen, Keith (Contributor), Finaldi, Gabriele (Contributor). El Greco (catalogue). National Gallery London. 2006. ISBN 1-85709-938-9.
- Marias, Fernando. El Greco in Toledo. Scala Publishers. 2005. ISBN 1-85759-210-7.
- Pallucchini, Rodolfo. II Polittico del Greco della R. Gallena Estense e la Formazione dell'Artista (in Italian). Gazzetta dell' Emilia. March 7, 1937, 13: 171–178.
- Prevelakis, Pandelis. Theotocópoulos—Biography (in Greek). Aetos. 1942.
- Rice, Talbot. El Greco and Byzantium. The New York Review of Books (The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.). January 1937, 70 (406): 34+38–39.
.jpg)
,_Christ_Cleansing_the_Temple,_probably_before_1570,_NGA_43723.jpg)
_-_Laoco%C3%B6n_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
_-_Saint_Jerome_-_A73_-_Hispanic_Society_of_America.jpg)
,_Saint_Jerome,_c._1610-1614,_NGA_12204.jpg)
_-_Fray_Hortensio_F%C3%A9lix_Paravicino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
_-_Portrait_of_Dr._Francisco_de_Pisa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
.jpg)
