美洲假吸血蝠

美洲假吸血蝠
	頭部特寫
保護狀況
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	翼手目 Chiroptera
科：	葉口蝠科 Phyllostomidae
屬：	美洲假吸血蝠屬 Vampyrum; Rafinesque, 1815
種：	美洲假吸血蝠 V. spectrum
二名法
	Vampyrum spectrum; Linnaeus, 1758
異名
	Vespertilio spectrum Linnaeus, 1758 ; Phyllostomus spectrum Daudin, 1802 ; Phyllostoma spectrum É Geoffroy, 1810 ; Vampyrus spectrum Ranzani, 1820;

美洲假吸血蝠（學名：Vampyrum spectrum），屬哺乳綱翼手目葉口蝠科，也是美洲假吸血蝠屬的唯一物種，棲息於墨西哥、中美洲及南美洲。其同科近親有窄齒長舌蝠屬（窄齒長舌蝠）、纓唇蝠屬（纓唇蝠）、圓耳蝠屬（圓耳蝠）等之數種。

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美洲假吸血蝠為新大陸上最大型的蝙蝠，同時也是最大型的肉食性蝙蝠，翼展可達 0.7—1.0米（2.3—3.3英尺）。具有粗壯的頭顱與牙齒，可以透過強大的咬合力殺死獵物，多半以鳥類、囓齒類、昆蟲或其他蝙蝠為食。

和其他大部分的蝙蝠不同，美洲假吸血蝠為單配偶制，群體由一頭成年雄性與一頭成年雌性及牠們的後代所組成，雄性負責將食物帶回巢穴餵養群體，多半位於樹洞（英語：Tree hollow）之中。由於數量稀少加上棲息地破壞的威脅，美洲假吸血蝠已被國際自然保護聯盟標為近危物種。

描述

美洲假吸血蝠（上）與胡狼頭顱骨（下）之外型比對

美洲假吸血蝠為新大陸上最大型的蝙蝠，同時也是世界上最大行的肉食性蝙蝠^[3]。翼展可達 0.7—1.0米（2.3—3.3英尺）^[4] ，前臂長度為 101—110 mm（4.0—4.3英寸）^[5]，拇指長 21.4—22.2 mm（0.84—0.87英寸）^[6]，上面具有類似貓的彎曲利爪^[4]。全身體長可達 135—147 mm（5.3—5.8英寸），體重約為 134—189 g（4.7—6.7 oz）^[7]^[6]。

總體來說，美洲假吸血蝠的頭顱骨類似於縮小版的犬科或熊科頭顱骨^[8]

美洲假吸血蝠的腦相對於身體來說偏大（1:67），其腦部身體質量比（英語：brain-to-body mass ratio）甚至較貓狗還高^[9]^[10]。

參考文獻

[1]
Aguirre, L., Mantilla, H., Miller, B. & Dávalos, L. Vampyrum spectrum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [13 September 2012].
[2]
Linnæus, Carl. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I [By means of the three kingdoms of nature, the nature of the system, according to the classes, ordines, genera, species, with the characters, the differences, synonyms, places.] 10th. Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. 1758: 31 [21 November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-08）（拉丁語）.
[3]
Nuwer, Rachel. The World’s Carnivorous Bats Are Emerging From the Dark. Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. 10 May 2016 [17 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-18）.
[4]
L., Daniel Navarro; Wilson, Don E. Vampyrum spectrum (PDF). Mammalian Species. 1982, (184): 1 [2019-01-08]. JSTOR 3503798. doi:10.2307/3503798. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-10-01）.
[5]
Gardner, A. L. Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats 1. University of Chicago Press. 2008: 299–300. ISBN 978-0226282428.
[6]
da Silva, A. P.; Rossi, R. V. New records of Vampyrum spectrum (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) for the Pantanal domain in Brazil, with notes on the species natural history, biometry, and lower incisors arrangement. Chiroptera Neotropical. 2011, 17 (1): 836–841.
[7]
Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats. Bulletin of the AMNH. 1998, (237) [2019-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-11）.
[8]
Santana, Sharlene E; Cheung, Elena. Go big or go fish: Morphological specializations in carnivorous bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016, 283 (1830): 20160615. PMC 4874722 . PMID 27170718. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0615.
[9]
Bhatnagar, Kunwar P; Smith, Timothy D; Rai, Shesh N; Frahm, Heiko D. The Chiropteran Brain Database: Volumetric Survey of the Hypophysis in 165 Species. The Anatomical Record. 2016, 299 (4): 492–510. PMID 26800031. doi:10.1002/ar.23321.
[10]
Measuring Brain Size versus Body Size. Serendip Studio. Serendip. [24 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-19）.

[iucn-1] [1]
Aguirre, L., Mantilla, H., Miller, B. & Dávalos, L. Vampyrum spectrum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [13 September 2012].

[Linnaeus_1758-2] [2]
Linnæus, Carl. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I [By means of the three kingdoms of nature, the nature of the system, according to the classes, ordines, genera, species, with the characters, the differences, synonyms, places.] 10th. Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. 1758: 31 [21 November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-08）（拉丁語）.

[Nuwer_2016-3] [3]
Nuwer, Rachel. The World’s Carnivorous Bats Are Emerging From the Dark. Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. 10 May 2016 [17 July 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-18）.

[Navarro_1982-4] [4]
L., Daniel Navarro; Wilson, Don E. Vampyrum spectrum (PDF). Mammalian Species. 1982, (184): 1 [2019-01-08]. JSTOR 3503798. doi:10.2307/3503798. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-10-01）.

[Gardner_2008-5] [5]
Gardner, A. L. Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats 1. University of Chicago Press. 2008: 299–300. ISBN 978-0226282428.

[Silva_2011-6] [6]
da Silva, A. P.; Rossi, R. V. New records of Vampyrum spectrum (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) for the Pantanal domain in Brazil, with notes on the species natural history, biometry, and lower incisors arrangement. Chiroptera Neotropical. 2011, 17 (1): 836–841.

[Simmons_1998-7] [7]
Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats. Bulletin of the AMNH. 1998, (237) [2019-01-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-11）.

[Sharlene_2016-8] [8]
Santana, Sharlene E; Cheung, Elena. Go big or go fish: Morphological specializations in carnivorous bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016, 283 (1830): 20160615. PMC 4874722 . PMID 27170718. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0615.

[Bhatnagar_2016-9] [9]
Bhatnagar, Kunwar P; Smith, Timothy D; Rai, Shesh N; Frahm, Heiko D. The Chiropteran Brain Database: Volumetric Survey of the Hypophysis in 165 Species. The Anatomical Record. 2016, 299 (4): 492–510. PMID 26800031. doi:10.1002/ar.23321.

[brain_size-10] [10]
Measuring Brain Size versus Body Size. Serendip Studio. Serendip. [24 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-19）.

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