马头鱼尾怪

马头鱼尾怪（希腊语：ἱππόκαμπος，来自ἵππος——马，及κάμπος——怪物^[1]的结合）在英文中常称作海马（sea-horse）^[2]，虽然现在只有希腊名称，但实际上它是同时出现在腓尼基^[3] 和希腊神话中的一种生物。这种生物后来被吸纳入伊特鲁里亚神话中。一般被描述为后半身是蜷曲的有鳞鱼的马状生物。

神话学

腓尼基和吕底亚

公元前四世纪在泰尔铸造的硬币上就已经出现有美刻尔其在马头鱼尾怪上的图案了。^[3] 吕底亚王室的贮藏中也发现了马头鱼尾怪的形象，其历史可追溯到公元前六世纪。^[4]

希腊和罗马

在荷马的《伊利亚特》中，荷马曾描述波塞冬由黄铜蹄子的马拉着在海面上奔驰的场景，^[5] 罗德岛的阿波罗尼乌斯和瓦莱里乌斯·弗拉库斯也曾描过绘类似的场景。^[6]^[7] 在希腊化时代和罗马帝国时，拉马车者便变成了马头鱼尾怪，在之后的许多艺术作品中，马头鱼尾怪和波塞冬一起出现的形象也屡见不鲜。

亚加亚附近赫里克的一座神庙是供奉波塞冬的，^[8] 据说当这座城市被洪水淹没时，其上波塞冬与马头鱼尾怪的铜像拖住了渔夫的渔网。^[9] 科林斯曾有一座镀金青铜和象牙做成的雕像被认为是马头鱼尾怪。^[10] 在罗马帝国的许多公共浴场都有马头鱼尾怪的镶嵌画。

伊特鲁里亚

马头鱼尾怪出现在伊特鲁里亚文明的第一次东方化时期，是当时墓穴壁画的主题之一，^[11] 而且通常会被画上翅膀。^[12]

皮克特人

马头鱼尾怪也出现在苏格兰皮克特人的雕塑上，其象征意义不明。它到底源自何方也依然是个谜。^[13]

中世纪到现在

在文艺复兴时期，马头鱼尾怪常被用作纹章的一个要素。海事相关组织及个人尤常用到。不过在描述纹章时，hippocamp 和hippocampus指的是真的海马，而seahorse指的才是马头鱼尾怪。^[14]

18世纪后期建成的特莱维喷泉中有马头鱼尾怪。1933年建立时，法国航空公司也曾在其标志中使用马头鱼尾怪的形象，在现在的飞行员室中还可以见到其踪迹。

参见

参考文献

[1]
Word origin of Hippocampus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at reference.com; compare the nameless monster Campe.
[2]
The hyphen distinguishes from the seahorse, a real fish.
[3]
Israel Antiquities Authority, Yizre'el Valley silver hoard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Jan 10 2013)
[4]
Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World, Chapter 6; excerpt in Smithsonian 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2008-12-10., Nov. 14, 2008 (retrieved Jan 10 2013).
[5]
Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29;
[6]
Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica (iv.1353ff)
[7]
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.507.
[8]
Strabo: "The sea was raised by an earthquake and it submerged Helike and also the temple of Poseidon Helikonios..." (Geography 8.7.2).
[9]
According to Eratosthenes, noted by Strabo (loc. cit.).
[10]
Geography of Greece ii.1.7-.8
[11]
Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocampi, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung (Archaeologica 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.
[12]
Katharine Shepard, The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art, 1940, pp 25ff; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in American Journal of Archaeology 45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR.
[13]
Nigella Hillgarth, Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, in Myth, Legend & Art Archive.is的存档，存档日期2013-02-17, January 8th, 2010 (retrieved Jan 10, 2013)
[14]
Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1978.

Classical references: Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29; Euripides, Andromache 1012; Virgil Georgics iv. 389; Philostratus Imagines i. 8; Statius Thebaid ii. 45 and Achilleid 1.25.

外部链接

[dictionary.com-1] [1]
Word origin of Hippocampus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at reference.com; compare the nameless monster Campe.

[2] [2]
The hyphen distinguishes from the seahorse, a real fish.

[IAA-3] [3]
Israel Antiquities Authority, Yizre'el Valley silver hoard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Jan 10 2013)

[4] [4]
Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World, Chapter 6; excerpt in Smithsonian 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2008-12-10., Nov. 14, 2008 (retrieved Jan 10 2013).

[5] [5]
Homer, Iliad xlii. 24, 29;

[6] [6]
Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica (iv.1353ff)

[7] [7]
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.507.

[8] [8]
Strabo: "The sea was raised by an earthquake and it submerged Helike and also the temple of Poseidon Helikonios..." (Geography 8.7.2).

[9] [9]
According to Eratosthenes, noted by Strabo (loc. cit.).

[10] [10]
Geography of Greece ii.1.7-.8

[11] [11]
Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocampi, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung (Archaeologica 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.

[12] [12]
Katharine Shepard, The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art, 1940, pp 25ff; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in American Journal of Archaeology 45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR.

[Hilgarth-13] [13]
Nigella Hillgarth, Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, in Myth, Legend & Art Archive.is的存档，存档日期2013-02-17, January 8th, 2010 (retrieved Jan 10, 2013)

[14] [14]
Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1978.

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