杨树

杨属
	加拿大杨 Populus x canadensis
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：	金虎尾目 Malpighiales
科：	杨柳科 Salicaceae
亚科：	柳亚科 Salicoideae
族：	柳族 Saliceae
属：	杨属 Populus; L., 1753
模式种
	银白杨; Populus alba; L., 1753
组
	白杨组 P. sect. Populus; 黑杨组 P. sect. Aegiros; 青杨组 P. sect. Tacamahaca; 大叶杨组 P. sect. Leucoides; 胡杨组 P. sect. Turanga;
异名
	Aigiros Raf. ; Balsamiflua Griff. ; Leuce Opiz ; Monilistus Raf. ; Octima Raf. ; Tacamahaca Mill. ; Tremula Dumort. ; Tsavo Jarm. ; Turanga (Bunge) Kimura;

杨属（学名：Populus）属于杨柳科，包含了胡杨、白杨、棉白杨等，通称杨树。杨属植物为落叶乔木，在落叶前叶子变黄。与柳属植物相同，杨属植物的根部有着较强的侵略性，所以它们不能被种植在房屋和水管附近。该属大多数种（如灰杨、加杨，特别是胡杨）都很耐盐^[1]。

Quick Facts 杨属, 科学分类 ...

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形态特征

其树皮在为成长期间之前光滑，但很多老树就会开裂。枝较小且具有顶芽，芽鳞在2枚以上。单叶。雌雄异株，柔荑花序，没有花瓣，有环状花盘及苞片。种子小，具冠毛。^[2]^[3]在春季会出现飘花絮现象。^[4]

经济价值

杨属中的杨树在中国大陆被广泛利用于荒山开发、农田林网营建以及四旁绿化。华北地区尤甚。^[4]

分类

杨属共分为五组：

白杨组 Populus sect. Populus——代表：白杨。分布于地中海西部盆地、中欧和东欧以及西亚及中亚，喜好凉爽的气候及朝南的山脉。
- 白杨亚组——代表：银白杨、毛白杨、新疆杨
- 山杨亚组——代表：山杨、欧洲山杨、河北杨
黑杨组 Populus sect. Aegiros——代表：黑杨、棉白杨、弗里氏杨。分布于北美、欧洲、西亚。
青杨组 Populus sect. Tacamahaca——代表：青杨、小青杨、甜杨。分布于北美、亚洲。喜好凉爽气候。
大叶杨组 Populus sect. Leucoides——代表：大叶杨。为中国特有种，在北美东部也有分布，喜好温暖气候
胡杨组 Populus sect. Turanga——代表：胡杨。分布于西亚、南亚、地中海沿岸，在中国也有分布。

本属包括以下物种：

Macreightia crassa (Lesquereux, 1883)
Phyllites orbicularis (Newberry, 1896)
Populus acerifolia Loddiges, 1838
Populus adenopoda Maxim.
Populus aequalis Lesquereux, 1870
Populus afghanica (Aitch. & Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid.
Populus alaschanica Kom.
Populus alba L.
Populus alba x tremula
Populus alexanderi Dorf, 1930
Populus amblyrhyncha Ward, 1885
Populus amurensis Kom.
Populus angustifolia James
Populus angustifolia Weinm.
Populus arctica Heer, 1868
Populus argentea Foug.
Populus aristolochioides Lesquereux, 1875
Populus auriculata Ward, 1905
Populus balsamifera L.
Populus balsamoides Göppert, 1855
Populus beijengensis W.Y.Hsu
Populus berggreni Heer, 1871
Populus bicolor Raf.
Populus biformis Raf.
Populus bisattenuata Dode
Populus bogueana Dode
Populus bolleana Carrière, 1881
Populus brandegeei C.K.Schneid.
Populus butuoensis Anonymus
Populus carreiriana Dode
Populus caspica (Bornm.) Bornm.
Populus cataracti Kom.
Populus cathayana Rehder
Populus celtidifolia T.B.Chao
Populus ceretana Sennen
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle
Populus ciliolata Raf.
Populus cinerea Raf.
Populus ciupi S.Y.Wang
Populus clarkiana Hollick, 1906
Populus comesiana Dode
Populus cordata Newberry, 1868
Populus craspedodroma Ward, 1885
Populus cretacea Knowlton, 1905
Populus cuneata Newberry, 1868
Populus cyclomorpha Knowlton & Cockerell, 1919
Populus dakotana Cockerell, 1906
Populus daphnogenoides Ward, 1885
Populus davidiana Dode
Populus decipiens Lesquereux, 1872
Populus deglubata Reinw. ex Blume
Populus deltoide W.Bartram ex Marshall, 1785
Populus deltoides W.Bartram ex Marshall
Populus deltoides var. monilifera × Populus tremuloides
Populus deltoides x nigra
Populus denticulata Heer, 1883
Populus dodei Sennen
Populus douglasae Buechler et al., 2007
Populus dubia E.H.L.Krause
Populus elliptica Newberry, 1868
Populus elongata Dode
Populus eotremuloides Knowlton, 1898
Populus epirotica Dode
Populus eugenei Dode
Populus euphratica Olivier
Populus europaea Dode
Populus euxylon Dode
Populus fairii Knowlton, 1926
Populus fargesii Franch.
Populus flabellum Newberry, 1863
Populus floccosa Dode
Populus frankliniae Sennen
Populus franklinii Sennen
Populus fremontii S.Watson
Populus freynii Dode
Populus funiushanensis T.B.Chao
Populus gallica Dode
Populus gamblei Dode
Populus girinensis A.K.Skvortsov
Populus glandulifera Heer, 1856
Populus glauca Haines
Populus globosa Dode
Populus gracilis Grossh.
Populus grandidentata Michx.
Populus grewiopsis Ward, 1885
Populus guzmanantlensis A.Vázquez & Cuevas
Populus haoana W.C.Cheng & C.Wang
Populus harkeriana Lesquereux, 1891
Populus hastifolia Doweld
Populus hederoides Ward, 1885
Populus henryana Dode
Populus hervierana Dode
Populus hervieriana Dode, 1905
Populus heteroloba Dode
Populus heteromorpha Knowlton, 1926
Populus heterophylla L.
Populus hobartiana Dode
Populus honanensis T.B.Chao & C.W.Chiuan
Populus hookeri Heer, 1868
Populus hsinganica Z.Wang & A.K.Skvortsov
Populus hybrida E.H.L.Krause
Populus hyperborea Heer, 1873
Populus hypomelaena Dode
Populus hyrcana Grossh.
Populus ilicifolia (Engl.) Rouleau
Populus inaequalis Ward, 1885
Populus incrassata Dode
Populus intramongolica T.Y.Sun & E.W.Ma
Populus italica Du Roi
Populus jacquemontiana Dode
Populus kangdingensis Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus kansaseana Lesquereux, 1891
Populus keerqinensis T.Y.Sun
Populus knightii Knowlton, 1897
Populus lasiocarpa Oliv.
Populus latidentata Dawson, 1885
Populus latior Braun, 1835
Populus laurifolia
Ledeb.
- Populus laurifolia x nigra var. italica
Populus lepida Dode
Populus lesquereuxi Cockerell, 1906
Populus leuce Rossmässler, 1850
Populus leucophylla Unger, 1850
Populus lindgreni Knowlton, 1898
Populus litigiosa Heer, 1866
Populus longifolia Fisch. ex Loudon
Populus longior Dawson, 1882
Populus luziarum A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Padilla-Lepe
Populus mainlingensis Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus mandschurica Nakai
Populus manshurica Nakai
Populus maximowiczii A.Henry
Populus maximowiczii x trichocarpa
Populus meedsii Knowlton, 1893
Populus megaleuce Dode
Populus melanarioides Lesquereux, 1875
Populus mexicana Wesm.
Populus mexicana Wesm. ex A.DC.
Populus microphylla Newberry, 1868
Populus microtremuloides Knowlton, 1916
Populus minhoensis S.F.Yang & H.F.Wu
Populus mulleriana Dode
Populus munsoniana Dode
Populus mutabilis Heer, 1856
Populus nakaii A.K.Skvortsov
Populus nana Royle
Populus nebrascensis Newberry, 1868
Populus neimongolica Doweld
Populus neomexicana Knowlton, 1918
Populus neotremuloides Knowlton, 1918
Populus nervosa Newberry, 1868
Populus newberryi Cockerell, 1906
Populus nigra L.
Populus ningshanica Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus obovata Knowlton, 1900
Populus obtrita Dawson, 1890
Populus occidentalis Knowlton, 1898
Populus octorabdos Dode
Populus okuboi Kitag., 1939
Populus ovata Dippel
Populus oxyrhyncha Ward, 1885
Populus palmata Dode
Populus pamirica (C.Y.Yang) Kom.
Populus parvidentata Dode
Populus pellostachya Dode
Populus pendula Hort
Populus peronaeana Dode
Populus pilosa Rehder
Populus pliotremuloides Axelrod, 1937
Populus polymorpha Newberry, 1882
Populus potomacensis Ward, 1895
Populus prefremontii Axelrod, 1937
Populus primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno^[5]
Populus problematica Knowlton, 1893
Populus protozaddachi Dawson, 1882
Populus pruinosa Schrenk
Populus przewalskii Maxim.
Populus pseudocredneria Cockerell, 1908
Populus pseudoglauca Z.Wang & P.Y.Fu
Populus pseudograndidentata Dode
Populus pseudomaximowiczii Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus pseudosimonii Kitag.
Populus pseudotremuloides Hollick, 1906
Populus pubescens (Parl.) Jovan. & Tucovic
Populus purdomii Rehder
Populus puschkinii R.I.Schröd.
Populus pyrifolia Kirchner, 1898
Populus qamdoensis Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus qiongdaoensis T.Hong & P.Luo
Populus rectinervata Dawson, 1882
Populus reticulata Raf.
Populus rhomboidea Newberry, 1859
Populus ricei Fontaine, 1905
Populus richardsoni Heer, 1868
Populus robusta Dode, 1905
Populus roegneriana Anonymus
Populus rotundifolia Griff.
Populus russelli Knowlton, 1893
Populus schneideri (Rehder) N.Chao
Populus schroederiana Dode
Populus scudderi Cockerell, 1906
Populus scythica Dode
Populus serrata
Populus shanxiensis Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus sieboldii Miq.
Populus simaroa Rzed.
Populus simonii Carrière
Populus sinensis Dode
Populus sinuata Dode
Populus sinxiangensis T.B.Chao
Populus smilacifolia Newberry, 1868
Populus songarica Mscr.
Populus sonorensis Axelrod, 1939
Populus speciosa Ward, 1885
Populus stygia Heer, 1873
Populus suaveolens Fisch.
Populus suaveolens Fisch. ex Camuzet, 1829
Populus subrotunda Lesquereux, 1868
Populus sunghoensis T.B.Chao & C.W.Chiuan
Populus sylvicola Dode
Populus szechuanica C.K.Schneid.
Populus talassica Kom.
Populus tenuinervata Lesquereux, 1888
Populus thracia Dode
Populus tibetica Mscr.
Populus tidwellii Manchester et al., 2006
Populus tomentosa Carrière
Populus trabutiana Dode
Populus tremula L.
Populus tremuloides Michx.
Populus treyviana Dode
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook.
Populus trichocarpa Torrey & A.Gray
Populus trinervifolia Doweld
Populus trinervis Dawson, 1882
Populus tristis Fisch. ex Dippel
Populus tschoudiana Dode
Populus undulata
Populus ungeri Lesquereux, 1878
Populus vaillantiana Dode
Populus valida Dode
Populus violascens Dode
Populus vivaria Knowlton, 1899
Populus wardii Knowlton, 1900
Populus washingtonensis Knowlton, 1926
Populus wenxianica Z.C.Feng & J.L.Guo
Populus wenxianica Z.C.Feng & J.L.Guo ex G.H.Zhu
Populus whitei Ward, 1885
Populus wilsonii C.K.Schneid.
Populus wolfgangii Janch.
Populus wolfiana Dode
Populus wuana Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus wulianensis S.B.Liang & X.W.Li
Populus xantholithensis Knowlton, 1899
Populus xiangchengensis Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus xintercurrens Goodrich & S.L.Welsh
Populus yatungensis (Z.Wang & P.Y.Fu) Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus yuana Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus yunnanensis Dode
Populus yunsiaomanshanensis T.B.Chao & C.W.Chiuan
Populus yunsiaoshanensis T.B.Chao & C.W.Chiuan
Populus yunungii G.L.Lu
Populus zaddachi Heer, 1859
Populus zhenyuanensis Liang & Zhou, 2016

杂交种：

Populus ×acuminata Rydb.
Populus ×albotremula C.K.Schneid.
Populus ×ambigua Beck
Populus ×baileyana Henry
Populus ×beijingensis W.Y.Hsu
Populus ×berolinensis K.Koch
Populus ×braunii C.K.Schneid.
Populus ×brayshawii B.Boivin
Populus ×canadensis Moench
Populus ×canescens (Aiton) Sm.
Populus ×catherinae R.I.Schröd.
Populus ×certinensis House
Populus ×charbinensis Z.Wang & A.K.Skvortsov
Populus ×elongata Schelle, 1903
Populus ×fredroviensis Wróbl.
Populus ×glaucicomans Dode
Populus ×heimburgeri B.Boivin
Populus ×hinckleyana Correll
Populus ×hopeiensis Hu & L.D.Chow
Populus ×hybrida Samp.
Populus ×inopina Eckenw.
Populus ×intercurrens Goodrich & S.L.Welsh
Populus ×irishiana Dode
Populus ×jackii Sarg.
Populus ×kashmirica A.K.Skvortsov
Populus ×krauseana Dode
Populus ×laticoma Dode
Populus ×leucophylla Schur
Populus ×lloydii Henry
Populus ×moscoviensis R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst.
Populus ×moscoviensis Schröd.
Populus ×moskoviensis R.I.Schröd.
Populus ×nevensis Nasim.
Populus ×odorata R.I.Schröd.
Populus ×odorata R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst.
Populus ×parryi Sarg.
Populus ×petrovskoe R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst.
Populus ×petrovskoe-rasumovskoe R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst.
Populus ×petrowskiana R.I.Schröd. ex Regel
Populus ×petrowskiana Schröd. ex Dippel
Populus ×plantierensis C.K.Schneid.
Populus ×pseudocanadensis C.K.Schneid.
Populus ×pseudotomentosa Z.Wang & S.L.Tung
Populus ×ramulosa Dode
Populus ×rasumovskoe R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst.
Populus ×rasumowskiana (Regel) Schröd. ex Dippel
Populus ×rasumowskiana C.K.Schneid.
Populus ×rogalinensis Bugała
Populus ×rogalinensis Wróbl.
Populus ×rouleauana B.Boivin
Populus ×rouleauiana B.Boivin
Populus ×sibirica G.V.Krylov & G.V.Grig. ex A.K.Skvortsov
Populus ×smithii B.Boivin
Populus ×steiniana Bornm.
Populus ×tianschanica Tkatsch.
Populus ×tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee ex M.Kim
Populus ×triangularis Dode
Populus ×utilis Dode
Populus ×vegeta Dode
Populus ×vemirubens Henry
Populus ×vernirubens A.Henry
Populus ×viadrii Ruediger
Populus ×wettsteinii Janch.
Populus ×wilsocarpa S.Bartkowiak & W.Bugaa
Populus ×wobstii R.I.Schröd., 1881
小黑杨 Populus ×xiaohei T.S.Hwang & Y.Liang

害虫

杨潜叶跳象 Rhynchaenus empopulifolis Chen：鞘翅目象甲虫科物种，1980年代开始为祸中国东北地区的杨林，寄生于小叶杨（Populus simonii Carr.）、青杨（Populus cathayana Rehd.）、北京杨（Populus pekinensis Hsü）及加拿大杨（Populus canadensis Moench.）等物种^[6]。

参考文献

[1]
Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Chen, B.; Qin, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, R.; Liu, H.; Yang, H. Progress in Understanding the Physiological and Molecular Responses of Populus to Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061312
[2]
Meikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.
[3]
Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and rope. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
[4]
赵丽凤. 试述杨属树种在城乡园林绿化中的应用. 城镇建设. 2020, (11) [2023-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）.
[5]
J. Antonio Vázquez-García, Miguel Ángel Muñiz-Castro, Rosa Elena Martínez-González, Gregorio Nieves-Hernández, María Guadalupe Pulido-Ávila, Gerardo Hernández-Vera and Osvaldo Zuno Delgadillo. 2019. Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), A New Species of White Poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy. 498: 1–16. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.498
[6]
张连翔; 陈远超; 陈元清. 杨潜叶跳象生物学特性及防治方法的初步研究. 林业科学. 1989, 25 (2): 171–174 [2020-03-18]. ISSN 1001-7488. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）（中文（简体））.

延伸阅读

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《钦定古今图书集成·博物汇编·草木典·杨部》，出自陈梦雷《古今图书集成》

[1] [1]
Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Chen, B.; Qin, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yao, R.; Liu, H.; Yang, H. Progress in Understanding the Physiological and Molecular Responses of Populus to Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061312

[rdm-2] [2]
Meikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.

[rushforth-3] [3]
Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and rope. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.

[:0-4] [4]
赵丽凤. 试述杨属树种在城乡园林绿化中的应用. 城镇建设. 2020, (11) [2023-01-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）.

[5] [5]
J. Antonio Vázquez-García, Miguel Ángel Muñiz-Castro, Rosa Elena Martínez-González, Gregorio Nieves-Hernández, María Guadalupe Pulido-Ávila, Gerardo Hernández-Vera and Osvaldo Zuno Delgadillo. 2019. Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), A New Species of White Poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy. 498: 1–16. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.498

[Zhang_et_al_1989-6] [6]
张连翔; 陈远超; 陈元清. 杨潜叶跳象生物学特性及防治方法的初步研究. 林业科学. 1989, 25 (2): 171–174 [2020-03-18]. ISSN 1001-7488. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）（中文（简体））.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]