平等保护条款

平等保护条款（英语：Equal Protection Clause），是美国法律术语，它保障了所有人民在法律之前均可得到同等的对待。这个条款来自美国宪法第十四修正案中，保障每名美国公民不被各州的州政府剥夺依法律享有的公民权利，以确保永久废除奴隶制。此条款在1954年布朗诉托皮卡教育局案后，被应用于各种牵涉公民权利的官司，包括具争议性的1973年容许堕胎全国合法化的罗诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）。^[1]^[2]^[3]

内容

美国宪法第十四修正案第一款规定：

“

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

”

其译文如下：

“

所有出生于美国或归化为加入美国国籍的人，无论居住于何地，在司法面前且遵守美国司法的管辖，都被视为是美国及所在州的公民，为美国的一分子。任何一州不得制定或执行，任何可能消减公民的特权和免除法定权利，或是解除美国公民资格的法律；在未经适正当的法律程序时，任何一州不得能剥夺人公民的生命、自由或财产；亦不得否认辖区内任何人在其治下受法律平等保护之权利。

”

影响

该条款被美国最高法院广泛用于推翻各州歧视性法律和政策，著名案件例如：

布朗诉托皮卡教育局案（1954年）：部分州规定不同肤色的儿童进入不同学校，最高法院裁定这种规定侵犯了黑人儿童受法律平等保护的权利，推翻了由普莱西诉弗格森案所建立之隔离但平等的原则。
Loving夫妇诉弗吉尼亚案（Loving v. Virginia）（1967年）：最高法院裁定弗吉尼亚州禁止白人与非白人结婚的法律违反平等保护条款，正式容许跨种族婚姻。
罗诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）：最高法院裁定美国的女性可以在怀孕期间的三个阶段享有堕胎权。
1982年密西西比女子大学诉Hogan案（Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan）、1996年合众国诉弗吉尼亚案（United States v. Virginia）：最高法院裁定设立只招收男性或女性的公立学校违反平等保护条款。
1992年美国计划生育联合会 v. 琼斯案（Planned Parenthood v. Casey）：最高法院肯定并重申了堕胎权，惟容许各州进行不同的法律限制，包括等待期限，这为各州的反堕胎法开绿灯。
劳伦斯诉德克萨斯州案（2003年）：裁决同性性行为在全国非刑事化。
美国诉温莎案（2013年）：裁决限制婚姻在一男一女，禁止各州承认同性婚姻的捍卫婚姻法案违宪。
奥贝格费尔诉霍奇斯案（2015年）：裁决禁止同性婚姻的法律违宪，容许同性婚姻在全美国合法化。

注释

[1]
Failinger, Marie. Equal protection of the laws. Schultz, David Andrew (编). The Encyclopedia of American Law. Infobase: 152–53. 2009. ISBN 9781438109916. （原始内容存档于July 24, 2020）. The equal protection clause guarantees the right of "similarly situated" people to be treated the same way by the law.
[2]
Fair Treatment by the Government: Equal Protection. GeorgiaLegalAid.org. Carl Vinson Institute of Government at University of Georgia. July 30, 2004 [July 24, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 20, 2020）. The basic intent of equal protection is to make sure that people are treated as equally as possible under our legal system. For example, it is to see that everyone who gets a speeding ticket will face the samEpocedures [sic!]. A further intent is to ensure that all Americans are provided with equal opportunities in education, employment, and other areas. [...] The U.S. Constitution makes a similar provision in the Fourteenth Amendment. It says that no state shall make or enforce any law that will "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law." These provisions require the government to treat persons equally and impartially.
[3]
Equal Protection. Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. [July 24, 2020]. （原始内容存档于June 22, 2020）. Equal Protection refers to the idea that a governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws. The governing body state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances.

参见

美国宪法第十四修正案
美国宪法第十五修正案
美国宪法第十九修正案
美国宪法第二十四修正案
法律之前人人平等
美国黑人民权运动
肯·派克斯顿（英语：Ken Paxton）(Warren Kenneth Paxton Jr.)
杰伊·塞库洛（英语：Jay Sekulow）(Jay Alan Sekulow)
莱斯诉柯林斯案（英语：Rice v. Collins）(Rice v. Collins)

外部连接

Original Meaning of Equal Protection of the Laws （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Federalist Blog
Equal Protection: An Overview （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Cornell Law School
Equal Protection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Heritage Guide to the Constitution
Equal Protection (U.S. law) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica
Naderi, Siavash. “The Not So Definite Article （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）”, Brown Political Review (November 16, 2012).

Template:Equal protection and criminal procedure（英语：Template:Equal protection and criminal procedure）

[1] [1]
Failinger, Marie. Equal protection of the laws. Schultz, David Andrew (编). The Encyclopedia of American Law. Infobase: 152–53. 2009. ISBN 9781438109916. （原始内容存档于July 24, 2020）. The equal protection clause guarantees the right of "similarly situated" people to be treated the same way by the law.

[2] [2]
Fair Treatment by the Government: Equal Protection. GeorgiaLegalAid.org. Carl Vinson Institute of Government at University of Georgia. July 30, 2004 [July 24, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 20, 2020）. The basic intent of equal protection is to make sure that people are treated as equally as possible under our legal system. For example, it is to see that everyone who gets a speeding ticket will face the samEpocedures [sic!]. A further intent is to ensure that all Americans are provided with equal opportunities in education, employment, and other areas. [...] The U.S. Constitution makes a similar provision in the Fourteenth Amendment. It says that no state shall make or enforce any law that will "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law." These provisions require the government to treat persons equally and impartially.

[3] [3]
Equal Protection. Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. [July 24, 2020]. （原始内容存档于June 22, 2020）. Equal Protection refers to the idea that a governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws. The governing body state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances.

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