布拉拉语

布拉拉语(Burarra)是阿纳姆地一种由布拉拉族使用的澳大利亚原住民语言，有几种方言。

布拉拉语
区域	北领地
族群	布拉拉族、Gadjalivia
母语使用人数	995 （2016年人口普查）[1]
语系	大帕马-恩永甘语系？ 阿纳姆地语系？ 布拉拉语族 布拉拉语
分支/方言	Gun-narta (Gidjingaliya、Anbarra) Gun-nartpa (Gudjarlabiya) Gun-narda (Martay)
语言代码
ISO 639-3	bvr
Glottolog	bura1267[2]
AIATSIS[3]	N82
ELP	Burarra

詹古语人群中有个布拉拉部落，时常会和布拉拉语混淆。^[4]

分类

布拉拉语不是帕马-恩永甘语系语言。它与古尔-戈尼语等几种语言构成布拉拉语族。^[5][6][7]

分布

布拉拉族来自阿纳姆地中部和中北部的Blyth和Cadell河流域，但目前更多人住在更西边利物浦河河口的的曼宁立达（Maningrida）镇。^[5][8]

方言

Glasgow (1994)分出3种方言：Gun-nartpa (来自Cadell河流域的Mu-golarra/Mukarli族群)、Gun-narta (Blythe河河口西侧An-barra)和Gun-narda (Blythe河东岸Martay)。这些名称都来自方言的指示代词“那”。她还注释道后两个方言(Gun-narta和Gun-narda) 常被划到一起，并被其东部邻接族群称为“布拉拉”，自称则是“Gu-jingarliya”(“语言/用舌头”)。

Green (1987)分出2种方言：Gun-nartpa和布拉拉话(Gu-jingarliya)，但注释道布拉拉话使用者中存在显著的方言差异。

音系

辅音

布拉拉语辅音音素^[9]:37–39

	唇音	齿龈音	卷舌音	硬颚音	软腭音
强塞音	p	t	ʈ	c	k
弱塞音	b	d	ɖ	ɟ	g
鼻音	m	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
边音		l	ɭ
R音		r	ɽ/ɹ
滑音	w			j

多数情况下塞音的强弱分别对应清浊。^[10]这种情况下，塞音通过口内压峰值和持阻时间区分。强辅音的持阻一般更长，口内压也更高，弱辅音则有擦音或近音的自由变体。^[9]

元音

布拉拉语有5个元音。

布拉拉语元音^[9]

	前	央	后
闭	i		u
半开	ɛ (e)		o
开		ɐ (a)

元音可以实现为：

/i/：半闭前元音[e]或[ɪ]

/a/：开央元音或schwa

/ɛ/：[ɛ]或[e]

/o/：[o]或[ɔ]

/u/：schwa，半开后圆唇元音[ö]的低化，或[ʊ]^[9]

语法

布拉拉语是一种前缀综合语。动词可以通过前缀实现主语和宾语之间的互指，有时和语态的屈折。有几个动词可以表达体、复合动作和使役。^[5]

名词有变格，有4个类(an-、jin-、mun-和gun-)。^[5][8]

阅读更多

Capell, A. 1942. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania, 12 (4), 364-392.

Elwell, Vanessa. 1977. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Honours Thesis, Australian National University.

Elwell, Vanessa. 1982. Some social factors affecting multilingualism among Aboriginal Australians: a case study of Maningrida. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36: 83-103.

Glasgow, Kathleen. 1981. Burarra phonemes. In Work papers of SIL-AAB, series A (Vol. 5). Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Glasgow, Kathleen. 1994. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Green, Rebecca. 1987. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Honours Thesis, Australian National University Canberra.

Green, R. 2003. Proto Maningrida within Proto Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes. In N. Evans (Ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region (pp. 369–421). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Handelsmann, Robert. 1996. Needs Survey of Community Languages: Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Maningrida and Outstations). Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.

Trefry, D. (1983). Discerning the back vowels /u/ and /o/ in Burarra, a language of the Australian Northern Territory. Working papers of the Speech and Language Research Centre, 3 (6), pp. 19–51.

参考

1. Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+). stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. [2017-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26） （澳大利亚英语）.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Burarra. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
3. N82 布拉拉语 at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英语：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）
4. N135 Burarra (Djangu) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英语：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）
5. Green, Rebecca. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Canberra: Honours thesis, Australian National University. 1987.
6. Elwell, Vanessa. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Canberra: Honours Thesis, Australian National University. 1977.
7. O'Grady, G.N.; Voegelin, C.F. Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six. Anthropological Linguistics. 1967.
8. Glasgow, Kathleen. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1994.
9. Graetzer, Naomi. An Acoustic Study of Coarticulation: Consonant-Vowel and Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Four Australian Languages. MA Thesis. 2005,. University of Melbourne.
10. Fortis and lenis. notendur.hi.is. [2018-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-07）.

外部链接

• ELAR archive of Gun-nartpa （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）