多巴胺受体D4

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多巴胺受体D₄是一种由DRD4基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体。^[6]

多巴胺受体D4
识别号
别名	DRD4；, D4DR, dopamine receptor D4
外部ID	OMIM：126452 MGI：94926 HomoloGene：20215 GeneCards：DRD4
为以下药物的标靶
PF-592379、​罗替戈汀、​A-412997、​ABT-670、​多巴胺、​fenoldopam、​quinpirole、​WAY-100635、​阿朴吗啡、​过乳降、​麦角乙脲、​培高利特、​roxindole、​溴隐亭、​布他拉莫、​氯丙嗪、​氯氮平、​eticlopride、​氟哌啶醇、​L745870、​洛沙平、​5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)-N-(2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl)benzamide、​perospirone、​吡贝地尔、​普乐明、​sertindole、​sonepiprazole、​spiperone、​levosulpiride、​特麦角脲、​三氟拉嗪、​zotepine、​匹莫齐特、​氟哌利多、​氟哌啶醇、​阿朴吗啡、​thioridazine hydrochloride、​bromocriptine mesylate、​chlorpromazine hydrochloride、​pergolide mesylate、​promazine hydrochloride[1]
基因位置（人类） 染色体 11号染色体[2] 基因座 11p15.5 起始 637,269 bp[2] 终止 640,706 bp[2]
基因位置（小鼠） 染色体 小鼠7号染色体[3] 基因座 7 F5|7 86.6 cM 起始 140,871,919 bp[3] 终止 140,876,377 bp[3]
RNA表达模式
查阅更多表达数据
基因本体 分子功能 • signal transducer activity • potassium channel regulator activity • SH3 domain binding • 相同蛋白质结合 • dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity • G protein-coupled receptor activity • 血浆蛋白结合 • dopamine binding • dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go • 肾上腺素分泌 • norepinephrine binding • 金属离子结合 • G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity • neurotransmitter receptor activity 细胞组分 • integral component of membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • 膜 • 细胞膜 • postsynapse • glutamatergic synapse • 树突 生物学过程 • response to amphetamine • rhythmic process • arachidonic acid secretion • regulation of circadian rhythm • positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission • 信号转导 • fear response • dopamine metabolic process • behavioral response to ethanol • behavioral response to cocaine • positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity • cellular calcium ion homeostasis • positive regulation of kinase activity • adult locomotory behavior • 抑制性突触 • negative regulation of protein secretion • 社会行为 • negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity • regulation of dopamine metabolic process • response to histamine • behavioral fear response • dopamine receptor signaling pathway • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway • regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger • 化学性突触传递 • G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
直系同源
物种	人类	小鼠
Entrez	1815	13491
Ensembl	ENSG00000069696 ​ENSG00000276825	ENSMUSG00000025496
UniProt	P21917	P51436
mRNA​序列	NM_000797	NM_007878
蛋白序列	NP_000788	NP_031904
基因位置​（UCSC）	Chr 11: 0.64 – 0.64 Mb	Chr 7: 140.87 – 140.88 Mb
PubMed​查找	[4]	[5]
维基数据
查看/编辑人类 查看/编辑小鼠

和其他多巴胺受体亚型一样, D₄受体由神经递质——多巴胺激活。它与精神分裂症,帕金森症,躁郁症，上瘾行为，以及诸如厌食症, 贪食症和暴食症等神经性进食紊乱症等许多神经学或心理学状况相关。

此受体也是许多治疗精神分裂症和帕金森症的靶标. D₄受体被认为与D₂-类似，被激活的受体抑制腺苷酸环化酶，从而减少细胞内第二信息递质环磷腺苷的浓度。^[7]

基因学

此人体蛋白由 11号染色体上位于11p15.5的基因DRD4编码。

人类基因中有轻微的变化（变异/多态)：

• 在外显子3的一处48-碱基对VNTR
• 启动子中的C-521T
• 外显子1中碱基235至247的13-碱基对删除
• 外显子I中12碱基对重复。^[8]
• Val194Gly
• 120bp处的多态串联重复

此基因的变异与多种行为表型相关，包括自主神经系统失常，注意缺陷障碍，^[9] 精神分裂症,^[10] 以及寻求新奇的人格特征。^[11]

48-碱基对VNTR(可变数量串联重复)

外显子3中的48-碱基对可变数量串联重复（VNTR）有2至11次重复。 等位基因的频率在人群中变化很大，例如，7-重复版本在美洲很高而在亚洲则很低。^[12] “长”版本的多态基因是重复6到10次的等位基因。7R对多巴胺分子的反应强度似乎要略弱一些。^[13]

'长DRD4'变体, 或更具体地即7重复(7R)，松散地与形成ADHD ^[14] 以及其它的心理特征和异常的易感性相关。

48-碱基对VNTR已经成为了在跨文化环境下对其在人类行为的进化和角色方面所作出的诸多推测的主题。7R等位基因似乎在4万年前就已经被选择出来。^[12] 1999年，陈（音）及其同事^[15] 观察到那些在过去3万年到1万年间迁移得比较远的人类群体带有7R/长等位基因的频率较高。他们也指出游牧人群带有7R等位基因的频率比定居人群高。 较近期，也有观察到拥有7R等位基因的游牧人阿里尔人健康状况更好。然而，定居不久的（非游牧）带有7R等位基因的阿里尔人似乎有轻微的健康退化状况。^[16]

寻奇性格

尽管有关于DRD4 48碱基对VNTR与“寻奇性格”（具有爱探索和爱刺激人的一种性格特质）之间关联的早期发现，^[17][18] 2008年的一项 元分析对比了36份出版了的关于“寻奇性格”和多态性的研究，没有找到有效相关性。关于11份研究的元分析确发现了基因的另一多态性——-521C/T显示出与“寻奇性格”的联系。^[19] 。究其各种情况，“寻奇”行为可能是由几个基因介导的，仅归因于DRD4本身所造成的变化并不是特别大。

认知发展

有一些研究指出育儿过程可能影响带有DRD4 7-重复等位基因儿童的认知发展。^[20] 具有母性感受、正念和自治支持的育儿过程在15个月时对儿童后来在18至20个月的执行性功能有益^[20] 经历较差育儿过程的儿童比那些有较好经历者更冲动且更追求感官刺激。^[20]高质量的育儿过程与儿童在四岁时较好的努力控制 相关。^[20]

配体

代表性的D₄-常见配体的化学结构

激动剂

• WAY-100635: 全效 激动剂, 带有5-HT_1A拮抗组分^[21]
• A-412,997: 完全激动剂, 对超过79种不同的受体和离子通道选择性>100倍。^[22]
• ABT-724 - 开发用于治疗勃起功能障碍^[23]
• ABT-670 - 比ABT-724口服生物利用率高^[24]
• FAUC 316: 部分激动剂, 对其他多巴胺受体子类型选择性>8600-fold倍^[25]
• FAUC 299: 部分激动剂^[25]
• (E)-1-芳基-3-(4-吡啶哌啶-1-基）丙酮肟^[26]
• PIP3EA: 部分激动剂^[27]
• Flibanserin - 部分激动剂
• PD-168,077 - D₄选择性但也绑定到α1A, α2C 和 5HT_1A
• CP-226,269 - D₄选择性但也绑定到D₂, D₃, α2A, α2C 和 5HT_1A
• Ro10-5824 - 部分激动剂

受体拮抗剂

• A-381393: 强效，亚型选择性拮抗剂 (>2700倍)^[28]
• FAUC 213^[29]
• L-745,870^[30][31]
• L-750,667^[32]
• S 18126: 也叫 σ1 affin^[33]
• Fananserin - 混合型5-HT_2A / D₄ 拮抗剂
• Clozapine，一种典型的抗精神病药物

反激动剂

• FAUC F41: 反激动剂，亚型选择性超过D₂和 D₃三个数量级^[29][34]

可参见

• 精神病多巴胺假说（英语：Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia）

参考列表

1. 對多巴胺受体D4起作用的藥物；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.
2. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069696、​ENSG00000276825 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025496 - Ensembl, May 2017
4. Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
6. Van Tol HH, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Civelli O. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature. April 1991, 350 (6319): 610–4. PMID 1840645. doi:10.1038/350610a0.
7. Neve KA, Seamans JK, Trantham-Davidson H. Dopamine receptor signaling. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. August 2004, 24 (3): 165–205. PMID 15521361. doi:10.1081/RRS-200029981.
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10. Gene Overview of All Published Schizophrenia-Association Studies for DRD4 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - SzGene database at Schizophrenia Research Forum.
11. Munafò MR, Yalcin B, Willis-Owen SA, Flint J. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: meta-analysis and new data. Biol. Psychiatry. January 2008, 63 (2): 197–206. PMID 17574217. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.006.
12. Wang E, Ding YC, Flodman P, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Grady DL, Ryder OA, Spence MA, Swanson JM, Moyzis RK. The genetic architecture of selection at the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. May 2004, 74 (5): 931–44. PMC 1181986 . PMID 15077199. doi:10.1086/420854.
13. Asghari V, Sanyal S, Buchwaldt S, Paterson A, Jovanovic V, Van Tol HH. Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants. J Neurochem. September 1995, 65 (3): 1157–1165. PMID 7643093. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65031157.x.
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18. Benjamin J, Li L, Patterson C, Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Hamer DH. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking. Nat. Genet. January 1996, 12 (1): 81–4. PMID 8528258. doi:10.1038/ng0196-81.
19. Munafo MR, Yalcin B, Willis-Owen SA, Flint J. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: meta-analysis and new data. Biol Psychiatry. 2008, 63 (2): 197–206. PMID 17574217. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.006.
20. Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Sheese BE, Voelker P. Control networks and neuromodulators of early development. Dev Psychol. May 2012, 48 (3): 827–35. PMID 21942663. doi:10.1037/a0025530.
21. Chemel BR, Roth BL, Armbruster B, Watts VJ, Nichols DE. WAY-100635 is a potent dopamine D4 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2006, 188 (2): 244–51. PMID 16915381. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0490-4.
22. Moreland RB, Patel M, Hsieh GC, Wetter JM, Marsh K, Brioni JD. A-412997 is a selective dopamine D₄ receptor agonist in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2005, 82 (1): 140–7. PMID 16153699. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.08.001.
23. Cowart M, Latshaw SP, Bhatia P, Daanen JF, Rohde J, Nelson SL, Patel M, Kolasa T, Nakane M, Uchic ME, Miller LN, Terranova MA, Chang R, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Hollingsworth PR, Martino BR, Lynch JJ, Sullivan JP, Hsieh GC, Moreland RB, Brioni JD, Stewart AO. Discovery of 2-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (ABT-724), a dopaminergic agent with a novel mode of action for the potential treatment of erectile dysfunction. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. July 2004, 47 (15): 3853–64. PMID 15239663. doi:10.1021/jm030505a.
24. Patel MV, Kolasa T, Mortell K; et al. Discovery of 3-methyl-N-(1-oxy-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'-bipyridine]-1'-ylmethyl)benzamide (ABT-670), an orally bioavailable dopamine D4 agonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J. Med. Chem. December 2006, 49 (25): 7450–65. PMID 17149874. doi:10.1021/jm060662k. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
25. Hübner H, Kraxner J, Gmeiner P. Cyanoindole derivatives as highly selective dopamine D₄ receptor partial agonists: solid-phase synthesis, binding assays, and functional experiments. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43 (23): 4563–9. PMID 11087581. doi:10.1021/jm0009989.
26. Kolasa T, Matulenko MA, Hakeem AA; et al. 1-aryl-3-(4-pyridine-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one oximes as potent dopamine D4 receptor agonists for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J. Med. Chem. August 2006, 49 (17): 5093–109. PMID 16913699. doi:10.1021/jm060279f. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
27. Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Hübner H, El Hakmaoui A; et al. 2-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]imidazo(di)azines as selective D4-ligands. Induction of penile erection by 2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (PIP3EA), a potent and selective D4 partial agonist. J. Med. Chem. June 2006, 49 (13): 3938–47. PMID 16789750. doi:10.1021/jm060166w. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
28. Nakane M, Cowart MD, Hsieh GC; et al. 2-[4-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-1H benzoimidazole (A-381393), a selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology. July 2005, 49 (1): 112–21. PMID 15992586. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.02.004. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
29. Prante O, Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Synthesis, Radiofluorination, and In Vitro Evaluation of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-Based Dopamine D₄ Receptor Ligands: Discovery of an Inverse Agonist Radioligand for PET. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51 (6): 1800–10. PMID 18307287. doi:10.1021/jm701375u.
30. Kulagowski JJ, Broughton HB, Curtis NR; et al. 3-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-methyl)-1H-pyrrolo-2,3-b-pyridine: an antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for the human dopamine D4 receptor. J. Med. Chem. May 1996, 39 (10): 1941–2. PMID 8642550. doi:10.1021/jm9600712. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
31. Patel S, Freedman S, Chapman KL; et al. Biological profile of L-745,870, a selective antagonist with high affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 November 1997, 283 (2): 636–47. PMID 9353380. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
32. Patel S, Patel S, Marwood R; et al. Identification and pharmacological characterization of [125I]L-750,667, a novel radioligand for the dopamine D4 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. December 1996, 50 (6): 1658–64. PMID 8967990. 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)
33. Millan MJ, Newman-Tancredi A, Brocco M, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Audinot V, Rivet JM, Schreiber R, Dekeyne A, Spedding M, Nicolas JP, Peglion JL. S 18126 ([2-[4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl methyl]indan-2-yl]), a potent, selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors: an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L 745,870 (3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2, 3b]pyridine) and raclopride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1 October 1998, 287 (1): 167–86 [2013-02-15]. PMID 9765336. （原始内容存档于2003-07-12）.
34. Lanig H, Utz W, Gmeiner P. Comparative molecular field analysis of dopamine D₄ receptor antagonists including 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (FAUC 113), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrrolo-[2,3-b]pyridine (L-745,870), and clozapine. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44 (8): 1151–7. PMID 11312915. doi:10.1021/jm001055e.

外部链接

• Dopamine Receptors: D₄. IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. （原始内容存档于2012-03-05）.
• Current Research on the DRD₄ Gene
• 医学主题词表（MeSH）：Receptors,+Dopamine+D4
• Marisa Wilson. Are you a thrill seeker??. Davidson College. [2008-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-05）.
• The D4DR Gene. D4DR Club. [2008-04-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-30）.

多巴胺受体D4引用了美国国家医学图书馆提供的数据，这些数据属于公共领域。