从原始印度-伊朗语分离出印度-雅利安语的语音变更是浊咝擦音 *z 的消失。印度-雅利安语中清送气音 ph, th, kh 起源的最普遍接受的说法是它们来自清塞音加上喉音，这是索绪尔在1891年最初提出来的[17]。例如梵语的 tíṣṭhati 来自原始印欧语的 steh₂-。同源于拉丁语的 stō, 古希腊语的 ἵστημι(hístēmi)。
分离出伊朗语的是 PIE 的浊送气音的不送气化。伊朗语的创新是产生了一个擦音系列 f, θ, x，在多数情况下它们演变自在辅音之前位置上的清塞音 p, t, k，但它们还所有位置上对应于印度-雅利安语的清送气塞音 ph, th, kh[18]。在新阿维斯陀语中，浊塞音在词中位置上除了在鼻音和咝擦音之后以外大量擦音化为 β, δ, γ。
- 原始印欧语和原始印度伊朗语的语音对应[19]
更多信息 PIE, OInd/VS ...
| PIE |
OInd/VS |
Av |
PIE |
OInd/VS |
Av
|
| *p |
> |
p |
p |
*ph̥atēr "father" |
pitā́ "father" |
pitar- "father"
|
| *b |
> |
b |
b |
*bel- "strong" |
bálam "strength" |
-
|
| *bh |
> |
bh |
b |
*bhréhatēr "brother" |
bhrā́tār- "brother" |
brātar- "brother
|
| *t |
> |
t |
t |
*tuhxóm "thou" |
tuvám "thou" |
tvəm "thou"
|
| *d |
> |
d |
d |
*doru "wood" |
dā́ru "wood" |
dāru- "wood"
|
| *dh |
> |
dh |
d |
*dhohxneha- "grain" |
dhānā́- "grain" |
dāna- "grain"
|
| *k̂ |
> |
ś |
s |
*dék̂m̥ "ten" |
dáśa "ten" |
dasa "ten"
|
| *ĝ |
> |
j |
z |
*ĝónu "knee" |
jā́nu "knee" |
zānu- "knee"
|
| *ĝh |
> |
h |
z |
*ĝhimós "cold" |
himá- "cold, frost" |
zəmaka- "winterstorm"
|
| *k |
> |
k ~ c |
x ~ č |
*kruharós "bloody" |
krūrá- "bloody" |
xrūra- "bloody"
|
|
|
|
|
*téket "may he run" |
- |
tačat̰ "may he run"
|
| *g |
> |
g ~ j |
g ~ ǰ |
*haéuges- "strength" |
ójas- "strength" |
aoǰah "strength"
|
|
|
|
|
*haugrós "strong" |
ugrá- "strong" |
ugra- "strong"
|
| *gh |
> |
gh ~ h |
g ~ ǰ |
*dl̥hxghós "long" |
dīrghá- "long" |
darəga- "long"
|
|
|
|
|
*dlehxghistos "longest" |
- |
draǰišta- "longest"
|
| *kw |
> |
k ~ c |
k ~ č |
*kwós "who" |
káḥ "who" |
kō "who"
|
|
|
|
|
*kwe "and" |
ca "and" |
́ča "and"
|
| *gw |
> |
g ~ j |
g ~ ǰ |
*gwou- "cow" |
gav- "cow" |
gau- "cow"
|
|
|
|
|
*gwih3uós "alive" |
jīvá- "alive" |
OPer: ǰīva- "living"
|
| *gwh |
> |
gh ~ h |
g ~ ǰ |
*gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) |
ghnánti "strike" (pl.) |
-
|
|
|
|
|
*gwhénti "strikes" |
hánti "strikes" |
ǰainti "strikes"
|
| *s |
> |
s |
s ~ h |
*septm̥ "seven" |
saptá "seven" |
hapta "seven"
|
|
|
|
|
*asti "is" |
asti "is" |
asti "is"
|
| *i̥ |
> |
y |
y |
*i̥ugóm "yoke" |
yugam "yoke" |
yuga- "yoke"
|
| *u̥ |
> |
v |
v |
*u̥éĝheti "drives, rides" |
váhati "drives" |
vazaiti "travels"
|
| *m |
> |
m |
m |
*méhatēr "mother" |
mātár- "mother" |
mātar- "mother"
|
| *n |
> |
n |
n |
*nos "us" |
nas "us" |
nō "us"
|
| *n̥ |
> |
a |
a |
*n̥- "un-" |
a- "un-" |
a- "un-"
|
| *m̥ |
> |
a |
a |
*k̂m̥tóm "hundred" |
satám "hundred" |
satəm "hundred"
|
| *l̥ |
> |
r̥ |
əhr |
*u̥l̥kwos "wolf" |
vĺ̥ka- "wolf" |
vəhrka- "wolf"
|
| *r̥ |
> |
r̥ |
ərə |
*k̂r̥d- "heart" |
hŕ̥d- "heart" |
zərəd- "heart"
|
| *i |
> |
i |
i |
*linékwti "leaves" |
riṇákti "leaves" |
irinaxti "releases"
|
| *e |
> |
a |
a |
*dék̂m̥ "ten" |
dáśa "ten" |
dasa "ten"
|
| *ē |
> |
ā |
ā |
*hanḗr "man" |
nā "man" |
nā "man"
|
| *a |
> |
a |
a |
*haéĝeti "drives" |
ájati "drives" |
azaiti "drives"
|
| *ā |
> |
ā |
ā |
*méhatēr "mother" |
mātā́ "mother" |
mātar- "mother"
|
| *o |
> |
a ~ ā |
a ~ ā |
*ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" |
jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" |
-
|
|
|
|
|
*ĝónu "knee" |
jānu "knee" |
zānu- "knee"
|
| *ō |
> |
ā |
ā |
*dhohxneha- "grain" |
dhānā́- "grain" |
dāna- "grain"
|
| *u |
> |
u |
u |
*iugóm "yoke" |
yugám "yoke" |
yuga- "yoke"
|
| *ū |
> |
ū |
ū |
*mū́s "mouse" |
mū́ṣ- "mouse" |
NPer mūs "mouse"
|
| *h1 |
> |
⊘ |
⊘ |
*h1ésti "is" |
ásti "is" |
asti "is"
|
| *h2 |
> |
⊘ |
⊘ |
*h2r̥tk̂os "bear" |
r̥kṣa- "bear" |
arəša- "bear"
|
| *h3 |
> |
⊘ |
⊘ |
*h3ókws(i) "eye" |
ákṣi "eye" |
aši "eye"
|
| *h4 |
> |
⊘ |
⊘ |
*h4órĝhis "testicle" |
- |
ərəzi- "testicle"
|
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更多信息 原始印度-伊朗语, OP, Av ...
| 原始印度-伊朗语 |
OP, Av |
OInd/VS
|
| *açva ("horse") |
Av, OP aspa |
aśva
|
| *bhag- |
OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") |
bhag- (bhaga)
|
| *bhrātr- ("brother") |
OP brātar |
bhrātṛ
|
| *bhūmī ("earth", "land") |
OP būmi |
bhūmī
|
| *martja ("mortal, "man") |
OP martya |
martya
|
| *māsa ("moon") |
OP māha |
māsa
|
| *vāsara ("early") |
OP vāhara ("spring") |
vāsara ("morning")
|
| *arta ("truth") |
Av aša, OP arta |
ṛta
|
| *draugh- ("falsehood") |
Av druj, OP draug- |
druh-
|
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" |
Av haoma |
soma
|
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