莎士比亚的《麦克白》常与他的《安东尼与克丽奥佩托拉》做对比。安东尼与麦克白都积极寻求新世界,并以旧世界作为其代价。两人都积极争夺王位,并在途中遇到“对手”。安东尼的对手是屋大维,麦克白的对手是班柯。在某一时刻,麦克白甚至将自己与安东尼对比,称"under Banquo / My Genius is rebuk'd, as it is said / Mark Antony's was by Caesar."不但如此,两个剧本中都存在着具有强大影响力的女性角色:克丽奥佩托拉和麦克白夫人。[6]
《霍林希德编年史》是当时在不列颠群岛流行的历史,莎士比亚从中借用了许多典故。在《编年史》中,一位名叫邓华德[7]的人发现自己的家人因涉嫌与女巫来往而被国王德夫(King Duff)杀死。在他妻子的压力下,邓华德和他四个仆人将国王杀死在自己家中。在《编年史》中,麦克白被描述成努力维持国家运转,而邓肯王则昏庸无能。他与班柯遇到了三个女巫,后者所述的预言与莎士比亚的剧本中的一样。麦克白便与班柯一道谋反,麦克白夫人则对此表示支持并催促。麦克白统治了国家十年,并最终被麦克德夫和马尔康推翻。两个版本的对比十分明显。然而,有的学者认为乔治·布坎南的 Rerum Scoticarum Historia与莎士比亚的剧本更加贴切。布坎南的作品在莎士比亚时代已有拉丁文版本。[8]
值得特别注意的是,从门卫的台词(2.3.1–21)可以看到他在给富农、裁缝和说话“暧昧含糊”的家伙开地狱的门(2.3.8-13),并被认为是对耶稣会的亨利·加尼特[19]的暗示,后者在1606年3月28日受审,5月3日被处决。“暧昧含糊”暗指对加尼特对“暧昧含糊(英语:Doctrine of mental reservation)”的辩护。[20]然而,暧昧含糊早在1583年伊丽莎白一世的大顾问伯利爵士[21]就被讨论过,1584年西班牙高级教士马丁·阿兹皮尔库塔[22]提出“暧昧含糊教义”[23],并在欧洲传播,又于十六世纪90年代传到了英国。[24]然而,门房称讲起话来暧昧含糊的家伙"committed treason enough for God's sake"(当着上帝的面叛国)(2.3.9-10),由此将暧昧含糊于叛国联系了起来,暗指耶稣会的信仰:暧昧含糊用于“服务上帝”是合法的;这更加表明暗示与加尼特有关。门房继续说“可是他那条暧昧含糊的舌头却不能把他送上天堂去”(2.3.10-11),回应了加尼特处决前夕的黑色幽默:即加尼特会被“毫不含糊地上绞架”,并在处决时不允许为自己做“暧昧含糊的辩护。”[25]门房提到的富农也是对加尼特的暗示,后者使用“富农”作了自己的别名。
除此之外,有的人提出一些暗示表明戏剧写于1606年末,根据是女巫们的对话包涵了船长的妻子:“‘滚开,妖巫!’那个吃鱼吃肉的贱人喊起来了。她的丈夫是‘猛虎号’的船长,到阿勒坡去了” (1.6-7)。这被认为是对“猛虎号”的暗示,后者在1606年6月27日回到英格兰,许多船员在途中被海盗所害。几行字后,女巫们说起船长:"He shall live a man forbid:Weary se'nnights nine times nine"(翻译:骨瘦如柴血色干;一年半载海上漂,后半句字义“受苦7昼夜的9乘以9”)(1.21-2)。现实中船在海上呆了567天,正好等于7x9x9,并被认为是暗示的证据,若是正确的,证明戏剧不可能早于1606年7月写成。[33]
婚姻:剧中的女人都只能得知她们冠夫姓,譬如“麦克白夫人”和“Macduff女士”。麦克白夫妇共同商量他们要成为苏格兰国王及皇后的计划。莎士比亚是提出夫妻是一个单位,并且需要对彼此的举止负责的概念的发起人。在第四幕第二场里,当Macduff与Malcolm 前往英国时, Macduff女士说: "From Whence himself [Macduff] does fly? / He loves us not He wants the natural touch; for the poor wren, / The most diminutive of birds, will fight, / Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. / all is the fear and nothing is the love." 她是说Macduff应该陪同他的妻子和家人住在城堡里守护他们。(根据莎士比亚)当麦克白的杀手杀害Macduff家人时,他已经犯了错因为他不在他们身边保护他们。
邪恶:是要在剧中说明女巫、恶魔的使者,及他们的黑暗预言督导麦克白。麦克白的邪恶面也在剧中成长。 起初他原本是不想杀人,但是渐渐杀人就变得很普遍,在剧中的转折点麦克白说: "Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o'er." (3.4.138-139) 他决定了目前先继续杀人之后才来改悔回头。并且麦克白越邪恶,女巫们也能在剧中有更多的戏份。
Maskell, D. W. The Transformation of History into Epic: The 'Stuartide' (1611) of Jean de Schelandre. The Modern Language Review. 1971, 66 (1): 53–65. JSTOR 3722467.
Loomis, E.A. "The Master of the Tiger", Shakespeare Quarterly, 7:4 (Winter, 1956); Brooke, Nicholas (ed.) The Tragedy of Macbeth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 59–64
Caroline Spurgeon, Shakespeare's Imagery and What It Tells Us. In: John Wain (ed.): Shakespeare. Macbeth. A Casebook. Bristol: Western Printing Services (1968), pp. 168–177
Burnett, Mark Thornton and Wray, Ramona (eds.). Screening Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century. Edinburgh University Press. 2006. ISBN 0 7486 2351 5.
Gay, Penny Women and Shakespearean Performance in Wells and Stanton (2002, 155-173)
Gillies, John; Minami, Ryuta; Li, Ruri and Trivedi, Poonam Shakespeare on the Stages of Asia in Wells and Stanton (2002, 259-283)
Greenhalgh, Susanne Shakespeare Overheard: Performances, Adaptations and Citations on Radio in Shaughnessy (2007, 175-198).
Guntner, J. Lawrence Hamlet, Macbeth and King Lear on Film in Jackson (2000, 117-134), especially the section Macbeth: of Kings, Castles and Witches at 123-128.
Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1965. Penguin. 1964.
Hawkes, Terence Shakespeare's Afterlife: Introduction in Welles and Orlin (2003, 571-581)
Hodgdon, Barbara and Worthen, W. B. (eds.). A Companion to Shakespeare and Performance. Blackwell Publishing Limited. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4051-8821-0.
Holland, Peter Touring Shakespeare in Wells and Stanton (2002, 194-211)
Holland, Peter Shakespeare Abbreviated in Shaughnessy (2007, 26-45)
Hortmann, Wilhelm Shakespeare on the Political Stage in the Twentieth Century in Wells and Stanton (2002, 212-229)
Howard, Tony Shakespeare on Film and Video in Wells and Orlin (2003, 607-619)
Jackson, Russell (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 0 521 63975 1.
Jess-Cooke, Carolyn Screening the McShakespeare in Post-Millennial Shakespeare Cinema in Burnett and Wray (2006, 163-184).
Marsden, Jean I. Improving Shakespeare: from the Restoration to Garrick in Wells and Stanton (2002, 21-36).
Maskell, David W. The Transformation of History into Epic: The 'Stuartide' (1611) of Jean de Schelandre. Modern Language Review (Modern Humanities Research Association). 1971, 66: 53–65. doi:10.2307/3722467.
Mason, Pamela Orson Welles and Filmed Shakespeare in Jackson (2000, 183-198), especially the section Macbeth (1948) at 184-189.
McKernan, Luke and Terris, Olwen. Walking Shadows: Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive. British Film Institute. 1994. ISBN 0-85170-486-7.
McLuskie, Kathleen Shakespeare Goes Slumming: Harlem '37 and Birmingham '97 in Hodgdon & Worthen (2005, 249-266)
Moody, Jane Romantic Shakespeare in Wells and Stanton (2002, 37-57).
Morrison, Michael A. Shakespeare in North America in Wells and Stanton (2002, 230-258)
Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. Muir, Kenneth (编). Macbeth 11. The Arden Shakespeare, Second Series. 1984: xiii–lxv [1951]. ISBN 978-1-90-343648-6.
Nagarajan, S. A Note on Banquo. Shakespeare Quarterly (Folger Shakespeare Library). 1956, 7 (4): 371–6.
O'Connor, Marion Reconstructive Shakespeare: Reproducing Elizabethan and Jacobean Stages in Wells and Stanton (2002, 76-97)
Orgel, Stephen. The Authentic Shakespeare. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0-415-91213-X.
Orgel, Stephen Shakespeare Illustrated in Shaughnessy (2007, 67-92)
Osborne, Laurie Narration and Staging in Hamlet and its Afternovels in Shaughnessy (2007, 114-133)
Palmer, J. Foster. The Celt in Power: Tudor and Cromwell. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Royal Historical Society). 1886, 3: 343–70. doi:10.2307/3677851.
Paul, Henry Neill. The Royal Play of Macbeth: When, Why, and How It Was Written by Shakespeare. Macmillan Publishers. 1950.
Smallwood, Robert Twentieth-Century Performance: The Stratford and London Companies in Wells and Stanton (2002, 98-117)
Spurgeon, Caroline. Shakespeare's Imagery and What It Tells Us. Wain, John (编). Shakespeare: Macbeth: A Casebook. Casebook Series, AC16. Macmillan. 1969: 168–177. ISBN 0-876-95051-9.
Straczynski, J. Michael. Babylon 5 – The Scripts of J. Michael Straczynski, Vol. 6. Synthetic World. 2006.
Wells, Stanley and Stanton, Sarah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 0 521 79711 X.
Wells, Stanley and Taylor, Gary (et al.)(eds.). The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Second Edition). Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-926718-7.
Willems, Michèle Video and its Paradoxes in Jackson (2000, 35-46)
Williams, Simon The Tragic Actor and Shakespeare in Wells and Stanton (2002, 118-136)