体积模量 ( K {\displaystyle K} )也称为不可压缩量,是材料对于表面四周压强产生形变程度的度量。它被定义为产生单位相对体积收缩所需的压强。它在SI单位制中的基本单位是帕斯卡。 压缩示意图 Remove ads定义 体积模量可由下式定义: K = − V ∂ p ∂ V {\displaystyle K=-V{\frac {\partial p}{\partial V}}} 其中 p {\displaystyle p} 为压强, V {\displaystyle V} 为体积, ∂ p ∂ V {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial V}}} 是压强对体积的偏导数。体积模量的倒数即为一种物质的压缩率。 还有其他一些描述材料对应变的反应的物理量。譬如剪切模量描述了材料对剪切应变的反应;而杨氏模量则描述了材料对线性应变的反应。对流体而言,只有体积模量具有意义。而对于不具有各向同性的固体材料(如纸、木等),上述三种弹性模量则不足以描述这些材料对应变的反应。 Remove ads热力学关系 严格的说,体积模量是一个热力学量。说明在何种温度变化条件下对体积模量是有必要的。等温体积模量( K T {\displaystyle K_{T}} )以及定熵(绝热)体积模量( K S {\displaystyle K_{S}} )或其他形式都是可能出现的。实践中上述区分只是用于对气体的讨论中。 对于理想气体,绝热体积模量 K S {\displaystyle K_{S}} 为: K S = γ p {\displaystyle K_{S}=\gamma \,p} 而等温体积模量 K T {\displaystyle K_{T}} 为: K T = p {\displaystyle K_{T}=p\,} 其中 γ {\displaystyle \gamma } 为绝热指数; p {\displaystyle p} 为压强。 对于流体,体积模量和密度决定了在该种材料中的音速。此种关系由下式说明: c = K ρ . {\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}.} 固体可以传递横波,故要决定固体中的声速还需要其他的弹性模量,如剪切模量。 Remove ads部分材料的体积模量 更多信息 材料, 体积模量(Pa) ... 部分材料的体积模量 材料 体积模量(Pa) 玻璃 7010370000000000000♠3.7×1010[1] 钢 7011160000000000000♠16×1010[1] 水银 7010250000000000000♠2.5×1010[1] 乙醇 7008900000000000000♠0.09×1010[1] 金刚石 7011442000000000000♠442×109[2] 水 7009220000000000000♠2.2×109[3] 空气 7005142000000000000♠1.42×105 绝热体积模量 空气 7005101000000000000♠1.01×105 等温体积模量 固态氦 7007500000000000000♠5×107 (估计值)[4] 关闭 参考文献 [1]钟锡华、周岳明. 《力学》. 北京大学出版社. 2000年12月: 204. ISBN 978-7-301-04591-6. [2]Phys. Rev. B 32, 7988 - 7991 (1985), Calculation of bulk moduli of diamond and zinc-blende solids [3]存档副本. [2010-07-28]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-30). [4]http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/105558571/ABSTRACT[永久失效链接] 更多信息 , ... 换算公式 均质各向同性线弹性材料具有独特的弹性性质,因此知道弹性模量中的任意两种,就可由下列换算公式求出其他所有的弹性模量。 ( λ , G ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)} ( E , G ) {\displaystyle (E,\,G)} ( K , λ ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )} ( K , G ) {\displaystyle (K,\,G)} ( λ , ν ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )} ( G , ν ) {\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )} ( E , ν ) {\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )} ( K , ν ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )} ( K , E ) {\displaystyle (K,\,E)} ( M , G ) {\displaystyle (M,\,G)} K = {\displaystyle K=\,} λ + 2 G 3 {\displaystyle \lambda +{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} E G 3 ( 3 G − E ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}} λ ( 1 + ν ) 3 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}} 2 G ( 1 + ν ) 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}} E 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}} M − 4 G 3 {\displaystyle M-{\tfrac {4G}{3}}} E = {\displaystyle E=\,} G ( 3 λ + 2 G ) λ + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}} 9 K ( K − λ ) 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}} 9 K G 3 K + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}} λ ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}} 2 G ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,} 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,} G ( 3 M − 4 G ) M − G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}} λ = {\displaystyle \lambda =\,} G ( E − 2 G ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}} K − 2 G 3 {\displaystyle K-{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} 2 G ν 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}} E ν ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}} 3 K ν 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}} 3 K ( 3 K − E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}} M − 2 G {\displaystyle M-2G\,} G = {\displaystyle G=\,} 3 ( K − λ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}} λ ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}} E 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}} 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}} 3 K E 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}} ν = {\displaystyle \nu =\,} λ 2 ( λ + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}} E 2 G − 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}-1} λ 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}} 3 K − 2 G 2 ( 3 K + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}} 3 K − E 6 K {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}} M − 2 G 2 M − 2 G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}} M = {\displaystyle M=\,} λ + 2 G {\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,} G ( 4 G − E ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}} 3 K − 2 λ {\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,} K + 4 G 3 {\displaystyle K+{\tfrac {4G}{3}}} λ ( 1 − ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}} 2 G ( 1 − ν ) 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}} E ( 1 − ν ) ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}} 3 K ( 1 − ν ) 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}} 3 K ( 3 K + E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}} 关闭Remove adsWikiwand in your browser!Seamless Wikipedia browsing. 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