锯针蚁属

锯针蚁属 (Odontomachus ) 又称大齿猛蚁属，隶属蚁科针蚁亚科，栖息于热带和亚热带，为肉食性。

锯针蚁属
锯针蚁属的工蚁
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
科：	蚁科 Formicidae
亚科：	针蚁亚科 Ponerinae
族：	锯针蚁族 Odontomachini
属：	锯针蚁属 Odontomachus Latreille, 1804
模式种
Odontomachus haematodus Linnaeus, 1758

锯针蚁属具有触发式大颚 (trap-jaw)，大颚能以极快的速度关上，以捕捉猎物或是透过反作用力弹飞自己躲避敌人。

总览

锯针蚁属英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，锯针蚁属有一对发达的大颚，打开的角度可达180度。大颚可以透过内部的结构固定在打开的姿势，大颚的内部生有一对用来感知的板机毛 (trigger-hair)，当猎物触碰到板机毛 (trigger-hair) 时大颚便会快速关上，大颚强而有力，且运动速度极快，锯针蚁属的英文俗名便是由此而来，大颚命中猎物时会杀死或使猎物残废。如果大颚没有命中目标，锯针蚁属可以重复地固定大颚、击发大颚，除此之外，锯针蚁属也可以像其他蚂蚁一样正常开阖大颚。锯针蚁属也会利用大颚来击飞敌人，或是弹飞自己以躲避敌人^[1][2]。

O. hastatus 的头部

锯针蚁属的幼虫外形特殊^[3]，其身体上生有长长的肉脊，且其背部生有黏着垫，可以用来黏在蚁巢的墙壁上^[4]。幼虫为肉食性，幼虫会蜕皮三次^[4]，幼虫会利用其他介质结茧^[5]。

大颚运动的速度

锯针蚁属大颚运动的速度是动物界中第二快的^[1]，第一快的是德古拉蚁 (Mystrium camillae )^[6]。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri 大颚运动的速度介于时速 126 ~ 230 公里。大颚关上的时间平均为 130 微秒。加速度可达 1 000 000 m/s²。

拟态

Enoplomischus 属的跳蛛会拟态成锯针蚁属^[7]。

分布

锯针蚁属分布于中南美洲、亚洲、澳洲与非洲^[8]。有研究指出在美国“Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴马州被记录到，但近期研究者指出该物种已沿着墨西哥湾散播，最远至佛罗里达州的彭萨科拉^[9]。”Magdalena Sorger则指出，“在过去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分布范围被认为局限在奥兰多地区，而近期有一笔 O. ruginodis 的纪录出现在奥兰多北边超过100英里处，位于佛罗里达州的盖恩斯维尔^[10]。”而 Odontomachus relictus 则只在佛罗里达中部发现，栖息于长有灌木丛的沙脊地形中^[11]。

物种

O. haematodus 的幼虫

Odontomachus paleomyagra

Odontomachus pseudobauri

共73个现生物种，3个化石物种^[12]

• Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863
• Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
• Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
• Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
• Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
• Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
• Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
• Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
• Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
• Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
• Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
• Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
• 环纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
• Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
• Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
• Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
• 光亮大齿猛蚁Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
• 粒纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
• 血色大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
• Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
• Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
• Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
• Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
• Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
• Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
• Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
• Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
• Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
• Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
• Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
• Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015
• Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925
• 山大齿猛蚁，高山锯针蚁 Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892
• 妖大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
• Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
• Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
• Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
• †Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014^[13]
• Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
• Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
• Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
• Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
• Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
• Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893
• †Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
• Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
• 争吵大齿猛蚁Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
• Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
• Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
• Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
• Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
• Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
• Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
• 西氏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
• Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
• †Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
• Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
• Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
• 直齿大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
• Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)
• Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
• Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
• 西藏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
• Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976

参考资料

1. Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV. Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 22 August 2006, 103 (34): 12787–12792 [7 June 2008]. PMC 1568925 . PMID 16924120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604290103. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-08-31）.
2. Ant Jaws Break Speed Record （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） — Videos of Odontomachus jumping using its jaws
3. Pappas, Stephanie; May 11, Live Science Contributor |; ET, 2017 07:41am. Weird Ants Have Hairy Blobs for Babies. Live Science. [2019-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-30）.
4. Fox, E.G.P.; Smith, A.A.; Gibson, J.C.; Solis, D.R. Larvae of trap-jaw ants, Odontomachus Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): morphology and biological notes. The Austrian Society of Entomofaunistics. 2017 [2020-03-06]. doi:10.25849/myrmecol.news_025:017. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
5. How Trap-Jaw Ants Develop From Larvae Stages [Watch]. Science Times. 2017-05-10 [2019-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-28） （英语）.
6. Dracula ants possess fastest known animal appendage: The snap-jaw. ScienceDaily. [2018-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）.
7. Wesołowska, W. A new species of Enoplomischus from Kenya (Araneae: Salticidae: Leptorchestinae) (PDF). Genus. 2005, 16 (2): 307–311. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-03-15）.
8. Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior. Zootaxa. 2014, 3817 (1): 1–242. PMID 24943802. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1.
9. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）. One species called Odontomachus haematodus was unofficially recorded in Alabama back in 1956. But now researchers have officially confirmed that the species has spread across the Gulf Coast, at least as far east as Pensacola, Florida.
10. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）. As recently as a few years ago, another species called Odontomachus ruginodis was thought to be confined to the Orlando region, and points south. But now Sorger has confirmed a record of ruginodis more than a hundred miles north of Orlando, in Gainesville, Florida.
11. Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States. Entomology Today. 20 June 2014 [20 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）. Not all of the trap-jaw species are on the move, however. Sorger also studies Odontomachus relictus, a species that is found only in endangered scrub habitat on central Florida’s ancient sand ridges.
12. An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World by Barry Bolton. [2020-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-25）.
13. An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World: O. paleomyagra. [2020-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.

外部链接

• Mississippi Entomology Museum: Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Slow motion video of the ants in action （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Mississippi Entomology Museum: Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus^{[永久失效链接]}
• Ant's super-fast bite is a built-in 'ejector seat'
• Ferocious ants bite like a bullet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - BBC News, 21 August 2006. Elli Leadbeater. Retrieved 22 August 2006
• Man-trap jaws make ant fastest predator （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Scotsman, 22 August 2006. John Von Radowitz. Retrieved 22 August 2006