蝰蛇科（学名：Viperidae）又名蝮蛇科，是一个分布于全世界的毒蛇科。蝰蛇（Viperinae）和蝮蛇（Crotalinae）是这一科的代表物种，牠们体粗尾细，长着三角形的头。毒液中含有血毒素，有些种类另含神经毒素。毒牙较长，能深深刺入猎物体内高效地注入毒液。毒牙与上腭之间有关节，可在口中放倒。蝮蛇有颊窝（红外线感应器官），用以从环境温度中识别猎物的体温。大部分蝰蛇均属于夜行性动物。
蝰科
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| 阿拉伯角蝰 Cerastes gasperetti | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 爬行纲 Reptilia |
| 目： | 有鳞目 Squamata |
| 亚目： | 蛇亚目 Serpentes |
| 下目： | 真蛇下目 Alethinophidia |
| 演化支： | 非洲真蛇类 Afrophidia |
| 小目： | 新蛇小目 Caenophidia |
| 演化支： | 黄颔蛇类 Colubroides |
| 演化支： | 黄颔蛇形类 Colubriformes |
| 演化支： | Endoglyptodonta演化支 Endoglyptodonta |
| 科： | 蝰科 Viperidae Oppel, 1811 |
| 亚科 | |
蝰蛇和蝮蛇都不长，但不同各类之间体长的差异很大。纳米比亚侏膨蝰（Bitis schneideri）至多28厘米，而南美巨蝮（Lachesis muta）却可达到3.6米。
分类
蝰蛇科包括四个亚科：
本科包括以下属：[1]
- Acridophaga Reuss, 1927
- Agkishodon de Beauvois, 1799
- 蝮蛇属 Agkistrodon de Beauvois, 1799
- Allocrus Santos-Silva & Monné, 2023
- 树蝰属 Atheris Cope, 1862
- 跳蝮属 Atropoides Werman, 1992
- Atropophis Peters, 1872
- Atropos Wagler, 1830
- Azemiops Boulenger, 1888
- 咝蝰属 Bitis Gray, 1842
- 棕榈蝮属 Bothriechis Peters, 1859
- Bothrocophias Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001
- Bothrophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009
- 矛头蝮属 Bothrops Wagler, 1824
- Calloselasma Cope, 1860
- Caudisona Laurenti, 1768
- 夜蝰属 Causus Wagler, 1830
- Cenchris Daudin, 1803
- 角蝰属 Cerastes Laurenti, 1768
- 山蝮属 Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar, 1992
- Chersea Fleming, 1822
- Craspedocephalus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus anamallensis (Günther, 1864)
- Craspedocephalus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006
- Craspedocephalus borneensis (Peters, 1872)
- Craspedocephalus brongersmai Hoge, 1969
- Craspedocephalus gramineus (Shaw, 1802)
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis Beddome, 1862
- Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933)
- Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021
- Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)
- Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
- Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus strigatus Gray, 1842
- Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021[2]
- Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798)
- Craspedocephalus wiroti Trutnau, 1981
- Crotalophorus Gray, 1825
- Crotalurus Rafinesque, 1820
- Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758
- Cryptelytrops Cope, 1859
- Daboia Gray, 1842
- Deinagkistrodon Gloyd, 1979
- Dinodipsas Peters, 1882
- Distichurus Hallowell, 1842
- 锯鳞蝰属 Echis Merrem, 1820
- Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897
- Garthius Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
- 亚洲蝮属 Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
- Halys Gray, 1849
- Heterophis Peters, 1862
- 瘤鼻蝮属 Hypnale Fitzinger, 1843
- 巨蝮属 Lachesis Daudin, 1803
- Laophis Owen, 1857
- 钝鼻蝰属 Macrovipera Reuss, 1927
- Megaera Wagler, 1830
- Mesovipera Reuss, 1927
- Metlapilcoatlus
- Mixcoatlus Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011
- Montatheris Broadley, 1996
- 山丘蝰属 Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999
- 墨西哥角蝮属 Ophryacus Cope, 1887
- 烙铁头属 Ovophis Burger, 1981
- Parias Gray, 1849
- Pelias Merrem, 1820
- Peltopelor Günther, 1864
- Poecilostolus Günther, 1863
- Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
- 猪鼻蝮属 Porthidium Cope, 1871
- Proatheris Broadley, 1996
- 原矛头蝮属 Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
- 拟角蝰属 Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896
- Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881
- Scytale Meuschen, 1778
- 华腹属 Sinovipera Guo & Wang, 2011
- 侏儒响尾蛇属 Sistrurus Garman, 1884
- Teleuraspis Cope, 1859
- Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860
- Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889
- Toxicoa Gray, 1849
- Toxicophis Troost, 1836
- Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Plauvels, 2000
- 竹叶青蛇属 Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804
- Trimesurus Gray, 1842
- 黑绿烙铁头属 Tropidolaemus Wagler, 1830
- Turanechis Cherlin, 1990
- Urobelus Reinhardt, 1860
- Uropsophus Wagler, 1830
- 蝰属 Vipera Laurenti, 1768
- Zhaoermia Gumprechtt & Tillack, 2004
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