珊瑚海海战(英语:Battle of the Coral Sea)是一场于1942年5月4日至5月8日发生于珊瑚海的海上战斗,是太平洋战争中的一场重要战役。参战双方分别为大日本帝国海军,以及美国和澳洲的海上及空中力量,这是第一次的航母对战,是第一次双方舰队都在视线距离外进行、也是第一次双方战舰没有直接交火的海战。
1942年4月日本陆海军提出了MO作战计划,该计划要求从海上发动进攻,5月10日攻占莫尔兹比港,计划也提到要在5月2-3日占领图拉吉岛,在此地针对同盟国在南太平洋的存在建立水上飞机基地,为侦察机提供支持。在完成MO作战后,海军将发起RY作战,利用MO作战后的战舰15日攻占瑙鲁岛和大洋岛,以夺取岛上的磷酸盐矿产,此外还计划了FS作战,在MO和RY作战结束后占领斐济、萨摩亚和新喀里多尼亚。但在萨拉马瓦-莱城(英语:Invasion of Salamaua–Lae)的作战中,日军3月在新几内亚地区受到盟军陆基及舰载飞机的袭击,蒙受了相当的损失,井上遂请求联合舰队为MO作战部队提供空中支援。其中尤其让井上忧心忡忡的是盟军驻扎在澳洲汤斯维尔和库克敦的轰炸机,那些基地远在他自己驻扎在拉包尔和莱城的轰炸机的航程之外[3]。
攻击甫一开始,列克星敦的机队首先发动了攻击,命中祥凤两枚1,000英磅(450千克)炸弹和5枚鱼雷,造成了严重损伤。11:00约克城的机队赶到,对着熊熊燃烧、已经是几乎停止不动的祥凤继续攻击,再添可能11枚1000磅炸弹、以及至少两枚鱼雷的命中。11:35祥凤被撕裂开来,然后沉没(10°29′S152°55′E)。五藤担心会有更多的空袭,因此把他的巡洋舰向北撤退,但在14:00时派出了驱逐舰涟号回来拯救幸存者。祥凤号834名乘员中只有203人获救。3架美军SBD被击落(2架来自列克星敦,1架来自约克城;来自约克城的那架飞机机组获救)。祥凤的18架飞机全部损失,但其中3架在德博因坠机,机组乘员因此幸存。12:10,列克星敦的SBD飞行员、中队指挥官罗伯特·E·迪克森用无线电向TF17发出了预先定好的消息:“挠了一只平顶船!签名鲍勃(Scratch one flat top! Signed Bob)。”[65]。
此战是世界上首次交战双方的作战舰艇都没有直接目视到对方、也未能直接向对方开火的海上作战;在进攻中将作战舰艇的火炮取而代之的是各种作战飞机。因此参战各方的指挥官是在进行着一场从未有过的航空母舰之间的对决,而对于这种新形态的海战,双方都严重缺乏经验。根据H. P. Willmot的评论,指挥官们“必须在广阔的战场上搏杀,这远超出以往的经验。战场上通信困难,真假难辨,然而双方的移动速度却突飞猛进,这极大地压缩了能用于作出决定的时间。”[118] 正因为要以更快的速度作出决定,日军一开始就吃了亏:井上远在拉包尔,无法做到实时掌握情况从而有效指挥军队,而反之弗莱彻则一直在他的航母上。参战的日军将领之间在交换重要讯息时往往十分迟缓[119]。
历史学家H. P. Willmott、Jonathan Parshall和Anthony Tully认为山本把宝贵的战力分出来给MO作战,是个严重的战略错误。既然山本已经决心在中途岛与美国航母进行一场决定性的会战,那么他就不应该分散他的主要参战兵力到像MO作战这样的次要作战中去,尤其是舰队航母就更不应该如此。山本的决定使得日军兵分两路,中途岛也采取类似分两路主副部队分别进攻诱敌的策略,使得美军得以各个击破。Willmott更加认为,如果两场作战都是同等重要的话,那么日军的所有舰队航母都应该只投入到其中一场战斗中去以确保胜利。而山本的分兵使原本只是次要目标的MO作战必须取胜后,才能进行更加重要的中途岛会战。[134]
然而由于中途岛中日本人蒙受了惨重的损失,再也无力从海上进攻莫尔兹比港,迫使日军只能改从陆上进攻。7月21日,日军从布纳和果纳(英语:Gona, Papua New Guinea)沿着科科达小径(英语:Kokoda Track)发起了科科达小径战役,进逼莫尔兹比港。不过此时盟军已经增派军队赶往新几内亚(大部分是澳大利亚军队),第一个抵达的便是5月15日即从汤斯维尔上船的澳大利亚第14旅[137]。增援的部队阻滞了日军的攻势,最终在1942年9月遏止了日军对莫尔兹比港的进攻,并在米尔恩战役(英语:Battle of Milne Bay)中成功从日军手中保卫住了一处盟军基地[138]。
United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH) (Vol II), p. 127; Parker, p. 5; Frank, pp. 21–22; Willmott (1983), pp. 52–53, Willmott (2002), pp. 10–13; Hayashi, pp. 42–43; Dull, p. 122–125; Millot, pp. 24–27; D'Albas, pp. 92–93; Henry, pp. 14–15; Morison, p. 10; Parshall, pp. 27–29 日方的《战史丛书》没有提到井上在入侵莫尔兹比港的决策过程中所扮演的角色,只提到这是日本陆海军1942年1月达成妥协后的产物(Bullard, p. 49)。
Gill, p. 39, Hoyt, pp. 8–9; Willmott (1983), p. 84; Willmott (2002), pp. 12–13 & 16–17; Hayashi, pp. 42–43 & 50–51; Dull, pp. 122–125; Millot, pp. 27–31; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138; Bullard, p. 50; Parshall, pp. 27–29 & 31–32 日本陆海军同意在占领中途岛和阿留申群岛之后再进行对斐济和萨摩亚的攻略作战(Hayashi, p. 50)。日方官方史书《战史丛书》则记载日军亦准备占领萨马赖岛以确保对支那海峡的控制。(Bullard, p. 56)
Jersey, p. 57, Willmott (2002), pp. 16–17, Dull, pp. 122–124; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 121–122; D'Albas, p. 94; Morison, p. 11; Parshall, pp. 57–59 原本指派给MO作战的只有加贺号。但井上对此提出异议,认为光凭一艘舰队航母不足胜任作战要求,于是最终在4月12日改派五航战助战。
Parker, p. 24; Prados, pp. 302–303; Hoyt, p. 7; Willmott (2002), pp. 22–25; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167; Cressman, p. 83; Millot, pp. 31–32; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 121–122, 125, & 128–129; Henry, pp. 14–15; Holmes, pp. 69–72; Morison, pp. 11–13; Parshall, pp. 60–61; Crave, p. 447 。英国的无线侦测站台位于科隆坡,美国将翔凤号错认为是1艘他们之前未曾听闻的舰队航母Ryūkaku,可以载机84架,其中多少是因为由于在将名字翻译过来的时候出的差错。在中途岛之战中1名被俘的日军告知美国人这艘航母的汉字名称的正确读音,实际上这只是1艘轻型航母,日本显然没有为路易西亚德群岛的几个岛屿起代号,而是直接用片假名明文通信,使得美国人更容易破译出讯息的含义。根据Parker的记载麦克阿瑟根本不相信无线电截获的MO作战的内容,直到在5月第一周他自己的侦察机看到了杀向路易西亚德群岛和新几内亚的日军舰队。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 135–153, 163–167, Willmott (2002), pp. 25–26; Hoyt, pp. 15–19; Cressman, pp. 83–84; Millot, pp. 32–34; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 126–127; Henry, p. 15 列克星敦在与约克镇分开后3月26日回到珍珠港,4月15日出发运送14架F2A战斗机和机组成员至巴尔米拉环礁。TF11在4月18日完成送货任务后就得令前往斐济与TF17会合(Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 135 & 163–166)。哈尔西在三支特混舰队会合后将会取得指挥权(Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167)。TF16于4月30日离开珍珠港(Lundstrom)
Bullard, p. 65, Hoyt, p. 8, Dull, pp. 124–125; D'Albas, p. 110; Gill, p. 42; Jersey, p. 58; Hayashi, pp. 50–51; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138; Cressman, p. 93; D'Albas, p. 94; Bullard, p. 147; Rottman, p 84 南海支队的指挥官为堀井富太郎少将(United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH) (Vol 1), p. 47)。Rottman记载到南海支队共有4,886人,而《战史丛书》则仅仅列出了9艘运输船的名字(Bullard, pp. 56–57)。
McCarthy, pp. 82, 112; Willmott (1983), p. 143. McCarthy没给出精确的数字,但提到1941年12月包括一个步兵团在内有1000人,次月又有两个团抵达。Willmott则写到1942年1月3日有4250人抵达,包括3个步兵团、1个野战炮团和一个防空营。
Tully, "IJN Shokaku"; Gill, pp. 40–41; Dull, pp. 124–125; Millot, pp. 31 & 150; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138 & 145; D'Albas, p. 94; Gillison, p. 526; Willmott (1983), pp. 210–211 日军航母原本计划用于对盟军在澳大利亚的航空基地发动突袭,但在航母接近所罗门群岛后井上取消了空袭的命令(Lundstrom)。
Wilmott (2002), p. 38–39; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 187; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 140–145 这9架零战属于台南海军航空队。另外还有7架九七舰攻随行以将飞行员送回母舰。但参考来源中并未提到坠海的零战驾驶员是否获救。
Gill, p. 40; Wilmott (2002), p. 39; Cressman, pp. 84–86; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 139 & 144; Hashimoto (1954), p. 54; Morison, p. 22; Hackett and Kingsepp "RO-33" and "RO-34"
ONI,第3页; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167; Cressman, p. 84; Woolridge, p. 37; Millot, pp. 41–43; Pelvin; Dull, p. 126; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 141–144 芝加哥号和帕金斯号从努美阿出发,其余舰只则自澳大利亚赶来。TF44稍早前被称为“ANZAC中队”,归属于麦克阿瑟旗下,由赫伯特·利里(英语:Herbert F. Leary)海军少将指挥(Lundstrom (2006), p. 133; Morison, p. 15; Gill, p. 34)。克雷斯资历长于弗莱彻,但澳大利亚共和联邦海军部同意了金格的请求,让该地区的航母舰队的行动由一位美国指挥官指挥(Lundstrom (2006), p. 133)。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 168; Dull, pp. 126–127; Jersey, p. 62; Cressman, p. 86; Gill, p. 43; Hoyt, p. 20; Parker, p. 27; Millot, pp. 43–45; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 144–146. 保持无线静默可以让敌方无法侦知己方存在。Cressman写到发现志摩舰队的是位于澳大利亚的美军飞机(Cressman, p. 84),但Lundstrom认为应该是所罗门群岛的沿岸观察哨所发现的。
Lundstrom (2006), pp. 146–149; Brown, p. 62, Hoyt, pp. 21–31; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 168–178; Jersey, p. 63; Cressman, p. 87–94; Millot, pp. 45–51; Dull, pp. 127–128; Morison, pp. 25–28; Nevitt, "IJN Kikuzuki"; Hackett, "IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru"。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 178–179; Wilmott (2002), pp. 40–41; Hoyt, p. 33; Cressman, pp. 93–94; Woolridge, p. 37; Millot, pp. 51–52; Dull, p. 128; Lundstrom (2006), p. 150; D'Albas, p. 96; Morison, pp. 28–29. Cressman认为被击落的侦察机来自图拉吉;但Lundstrom认为这是来自肖特兰的三架侦察机之一,此外图拉吉还派出了另外6架(Lundstrom 2006, p. 150)。 D'Albas则宣称这架飞机来自拉包尔。
Wilmott (2002), pp. 40–41; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 178–179; Hoyt, p. 34; Cressman, pp. 94–95; Hoehling, p. 39; Millot, pp. 52–53; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 150–153。 在加油的过程中,约克城号转移了7名机组乘员到尼奥肖号上,其中4人在这艘油船遭受袭击时身亡(Cressman, p. 94–95)。
Wilmott (2002), pp. 41–42; Hoyt, pp. 33–34; Lundstrom (2006), p. 139; Dull, pp. 127–128; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 181; Cressman, p. 93; Millot, pp. 51–53; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 147 & 152–153; D'Albas, p. 96; Morison, p. 29
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 179–181; Hoyt, p. 37; Cressman, pp. 84 & 94–95; Millot, pp. 54–55; Lundstrom (2006), p. 155; Morison, pp. 29–31.
Salecker p. 179; Hoyt, p. 35; Millot, p. 55; Dull, p. 130; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 155–157; D'Albas, p. 97; Morison, pp. 31–32; Gillison, p. 519. Crave (p. 448)和Gillison (p. 523)写到,麦克阿瑟手下的第90轰炸中队的B17和B25为弗莱彻提供了5月4-5日间日军攻略部队的目击报告,五藤舰队也包括在内,但美国海军方面没有收到这些目击报告,原因不明。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 181; Hoyt, p. 35; Millot, p. 57; Dull, p. 130; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 154 & 157; Bullard, p. 62; Morison, pp. 31–32. Lundstrom写到在神川丸之外还有一艘船也协助设立基地,但并没有写明是哪一艘船(Lundstrom 2006, p. 154)。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 189–190 & 206–209; Hoyt, pp. 51–52; Cressman, p. 94; Millot, pp. 62–63; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 161–162; Henry, p. 50; Morison, p. 37.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 189–190; Hoyt, pp. 37–38 & 53; Millot, pp. 57–58 & 63; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 159 & 165–166; Morison, pp. 33–34. At this time TF17 had 128 and Takagi 111 operational aircraft (Lundstrom 2006, p. 159). Also this day, Inoue ordered the four I-class submarines to deploy further south to intercept any Allied ships returning to Australia following the impending battle (Lundstrom 2006, p. 159).
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 193; Hoyt, p. 53; Cressman, p. 95; Dull, p. 131; Millot, pp. 66–69; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 163–164; Henry, p. 54; Morison, p. 40.
Salecker, pp. 179–180; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 193–196; Hoyt, pp. 53–54; Cressman, pp. 95–96; Millot, pp. 66–69; Dull, pp. 131–132; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 165–167; Henry, p. 54; Morison, pp. 40–41. Lundstrom写的是B-17看到的目标在尼尔森看到的30海里以外,但Cressman写是60海里(110千米)。衣笠的水上飞机报告了美军攻击机群的起飞(Lundstrom 2006, p. 167)。至于那三架B17,在发出报告后轰炸了在德博因的神川丸,但只造成了轻微伤害(Lundstrom 2006, p. 166)。
ONI,第19页; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 205–206; Hoyt, pp. 38–50, 71, 218 & 221; Cressman, p. 95; Hoehling, p. 43; Millot, pp. 60–62 & 71; Dull, pp. 130–131; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 164–167; Morison, pp. 34–35 包括Hoyt,Millot和Morison在内的多个来源都认为尼奥肖号在09:05左右就首先遭到了袭击,一开始是一架,然后可能是3架甚至更多的飞机;再后才是日军的主力攻击机群袭击。但实际上是日军鱼雷机在其他飞机接近油船时在附近抛弃鱼雷(Lundstrom 2006, p. 167)。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 197–198 (says 1,500 yd(1,400米) for the cruisers with Shōhō); Hoyt, pp. 54–55; Cressman, pp. 96–97; Millot, p. 69; Dull, p. 132; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 168–169; Henry, pp. 54–56. 美军发动攻击时,祥凤正在为下层甲板的5架鱼雷机和3架零战做准备。一开始上空有3架零战,攻击开始后又有3架升空。
Brown, p. 62, Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 198–206; Hoyt, pp. 55–61; Tully, "IJN Shoho"; Cressman, pp. 96–98; Millot, pp. 69–71; Dull, p. 132; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 168–169; Hata, p. 59; Morison, pp. 41–42; Willmott (2002), p. 43; United States Strategic Bombing Survey, p. 57. 迪克森的那句话被《芝加哥论坛报》的战地记者史坦利·约翰斯顿引用,发表在1942年6月号的文章上,其后在太平洋战争中被多次引用。列克星敦的舰长费德烈·薛曼称迪克森是第一个想出“平顶船”的人,此后这个词成为了航母的标准俚语。祥凤的203名获救船员之中,有72人负伤,舰长伊泽石之介大佐野得以生还。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 207–208; Hoyt, p. 65; Lundstrom (2006), p. 175. 德博因水上飞机基地指挥官峰松秀夫Hideo Minematsu少尉研究了当天的目击报告,计算出了克雷斯和弗莱彻的舰队的真实位置,并于14:49通报了司令部。不过井上的参谋人员似乎没有注意到峰松的报告(Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 208)。
Salecker, pp. 180–181; Gill, pp. 49–50; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 208–209; Hoyt, pp. 66–69; Tagaya, pp. 40–41; Millot, pp. 63–66; Pelvin; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 159 & 171–174; Morison, pp. 38–39. 根据Hoyt (p. 69)和Morison (pp. 20 & 39)的记载,麦克阿瑟的空军指挥官乔治·布雷特直接否认他的B17曾经误击克雷斯的事情,并且禁止继续讨论这一事件。Millot和Gill把这几架飞机错写成了B26。Gillison (p. 520)记载到,麦克阿瑟的飞行员直到战斗结束后才得知有盟军战舰在珊瑚海一带行动。Salecker则写道,这些B17之所以发动攻击,是因为他们把先前的日军飞机错认成了美军的B25或者B26。其中一架B17燃料耗尽后坠毁,但机组乘员成功跳伞后获救(Salecker, p. 181)。
Gill, pp. 50–51; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 208–209; Hoyt, pp. 66–69; Tagaya, pp. 40–41; Millot, pp. 63–66; Pelvin; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 159 & 171–174; Morison, pp. 38–39 克雷斯事后回忆起他在5月7日黄昏的情况,“我从(弗莱彻)那里没收到任何关于他的位置和意图的讯息,也丝毫不知他那天做了什么。”(Lundstrom 2006, p. 174; Gill, p. 50).
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 209–212; Hoyt, pp. 62–63; Cressman, pp. 99–100; Woolridge, pp. 38–39; Millot, p. 75; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 176–177; #瑞鹤详报(1)p.45. 有部分资料记载日军被击落7架舰攻、1架舰爆,但实际上舰爆机队晚到了一些,并未被卷入到空战当中。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 214–218; Hoyt, pp. 63–64; Cressman, pp. 100–101; Woolridge, p. 39; Hoehling, pp. 45–47; Millot, pp. 75–76; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 176–180; #暁の珊瑚海(文库)314,321页, #MO机动部队详报(1)p.18, #瑞鹤详报(1)p.48.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 219–220; Hoyt, pp. 64 & 77; Cressman, p. 101; Hoehling, p. 47; Millot, pp. 78–79; Dull, p. 132; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 171 & 180–182.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 221–222; Hoyt, p. 75; Cressman, p. 103; Woolridge, p. 48; Millot, pp. 82–83 & 87; Dull, p. 132; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 181–184.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 222–225; Hoyt, pp. 76–77; Cressman, p. 103; Woolridge, pp. 40–41; Hoehling, pp. 52–53; Millot, pp. 81–85; Dull, pp. 132–133; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 185–187; Morison, pp. 48–49.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 224–227 & 243–246; Hoyt, pp. 79 & 89; Cressman, p. 104; Millot, p. 85; Dull, pp. 132–133; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 186–187; Morison, p. 49. 10:00不久,两架约克城号的直掩战斗机击落了一架九七飞行艇(Lundstrom 2006, p. 187).
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 228–231; Hoyt, pp. 79–84; Cressman, pp. 104–106; Hoehling, p. 62; Millot, pp. 87–88 & 91; Dull, p. 133; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 192–195; D'Albas, p. 105; Hata, pp. 42–43. 第二发命中由约翰·詹姆斯·鲍威尔取得,但他本人在俯冲的过程中被一架直掩零战击中身亡。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 236–243; Hoyt, pp. 84–85; Cressman, p. 106; Hoehling, pp. 63–65; Millot, pp. 88–92; Dull, p. 133; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 195 & 559; D'Albas, p. 106.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 242–243; Hoyt, p. 86; Cressman, p. 106; Millot, pp. 91–92; Parshall, p. 63; Dull, p. 133; Lundstrom (2006), p. 195; Tully, "IJN Shokaku" The destroyers which accompanied Shōkaku's retirement were Japanese destroyer Ushio 1930 and Japanese destroyer Yūgure 1934 (Tully).
Macintyre, Donald, Captain, RN. "Shipborne Radar", in United States Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1967, p.73; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 245–246; Hoyt, p. 92; Cressman, pp. 107–108; Millot, pp. 93–94; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 188–189.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 251–254; Hoyt, pp. 93–98 & 113–117; Cressman, p. 109; Woolridge, p. 42; Hoehling, pp. 67–81 & 97–98; Millot, pp. 94–96; Dull, pp. 133–134; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 188–190. 参战者中有人认为列克星敦号可能被命中了多达5枚鱼雷(Woolridge, p. 42 and Lundstrom 2006, p. 191)。
ONI,第55–56页; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 254–259; Hoyt, pp. 98–103 & 117–122; Cressman, pp. 110–114: Hoehling, pp. 81–95 & 110–116; Millot, pp. 97–98; Dull, p. 134; Lundstrom, pp. 189–191; D'Albas, p. 107.
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 270–278; Cressman, pp. 115–117; Hoyt, pp. 144–147; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 193–195. 19架列克星敦号的飞机由约克城号回收(Millot, p. 100)。Parshall (p. 417)写到,很多被废弃的日军飞机其实并非真的无法再用,但只是因为瑞鹤的乘员甲板作业的水平不足,速度不够,一些飞机只能被废弃来腾出地方。
ONI,第39页; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 274–277; Cressman, p. 116; Hoyt, p. 133; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 193–196; Spector, p. 162. 弗莱彻最初打算让受损的列克星敦号回港维修,然后把船上的飞机全部转移到约克城号上继续作战,但费奇14:22的讯息让他放弃了这个念头。事实上美军的舰载和陆基飞机看到了两次瑞鹤,但很显然,他们没意识到这其实是同一艘航母(Hoyt, p. 133)。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 273–282; Cressman, p. 117; Hoehling, pp. 121–197; Hoyt, pp. 134–150 & 153–168; Millot, pp. 99–103; Dull, p. 134; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 193 & 196–199; Morison pp. 57–60; Crave, pp. 449–450; Gillison, p. 519. 在列克星敦号上大火肆虐的时候,有几名飞行员要求把飞机飞到约克城号上,但被舰长舍尔曼拒绝了。列克星敦号上的阵亡名单、包括飞行中队的驾驶员请参见Hoehling, pp. 201–205。Hoyt、Millot和Morison给出的坐标是15°12′S155°27′E。伴随在列克星敦身旁最后时刻的包括明尼阿波利斯号、新奥尔良号、菲尔普斯号、莫里斯号、哈曼号和安德森号。莫里斯号和菲尔普斯号是最后离开列克星敦终结之地的(Lundstrom 2006, pp. 197, 204)。Gillison (p. 519)写到有8架B26从澳大利亚的汤斯维尔出发准备攻击井上的部队,但没找到日军舰船。
Gill, p. 53; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 283–4; Millot, p. 105; Cressman, pp. 117–8; Hoyt, pp. 170–3; Pelvin. 9日一架约克城号的SBD在随行侦察任务时报告发现175海里(324千米)以外有一艘日本航母。约克城号派出了4架SBD,但没找到目标。后来认定该机可能是把礁石错认成航母了(Lundstrom 2006, pp. 205–6)。汤斯维尔的美国陆军也因为这个错误的讯息出动了14架B17。在这场乌龙中一架SBD坠海,但机组后来获救。
Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 284–90; Millot, pp. 106–7; Cressman, p. 118; Hoyt, p. 171; Dull, p. 134; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 200 & 206–7; Chihaya, pp. 124–5. 攻略部队10日返回拉包尔。高木本来打算完成运送台南空的飞机到拉包尔的任务后去支援RT作战的,但山本命令他返回日本。在修理损坏的飞机后,瑞鹤共有24架战斗机、13架俯冲轰炸机和8架鱼雷机可用。10日高木的侦察机发现了漂浮着的尼奥肖号,但高木认为不值得为此再发动攻击(Lundstrom 2006, p. 207)。宇垣缠自述是他以山本的名义起草了追击盟军舰艇的命令,并送出给高木(Chihaya, p. 124)。
Brown, p. 63, Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 285–296 & 313–315; Millot, p. 107; Cressman, p. 120; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 208–211 & 216; Chihaya, pp. 126–127; Morison, pp. 61–62. RY攻略部队包括一艘轻巡、一艘布雷舰、两艘驱逐舰和两艘运输船(Lundstrom)。高木的巡洋舰和驱逐舰在北面提供远程掩护。瑙鲁在8月25-26日遭到日军占领,没有遇到抵抗,从此日军一直驻扎于当地直至战争结束(Millot and Morison)。美军最初的情报显示山本的攻击目标是瓦胡岛,但5月17日中途岛开始成为可能的目标(Lundstrom 2006, pp. 208 & 212)。
Tully, "IJN Shokaku"; Hackett, "HIJMS Submarine I-28"; Parshall, p. 10; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 298–299; Blair, pp. 230–233; Tully, "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku"; Pelvin; Gillison, p. 531. 4艘美国潜艇部署在特鲁克外,另外四艘则位于特鲁克和日本之间。Tully在书中写道翔鹤在12日与驱逐舰黑潮号、黑潮号和黑潮号在菲律宾海会合,潮号和夕暮号则返回护送瑞鹤号。
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