热浪

热浪是指天气在某一段时间内持续地保持异常高的气温（相对于该地区多年平均气温而言），也有可能伴随有很高的空气湿度。这个术语通常与地区相联系，所以一个处于相对较热气候的地区来说是正常的温度，比如赤道因为本来就很炎热，就没有热浪，对另一个通常处于较冷气候的地区来说可能是热浪。

一些地区比较容易受到热浪的袭击，例如欧洲的地中海气候区，澳大利亚的西南和东南沿海地带。除了索马里，因索马里有少雨且多日照的赤道沙漠气候（南美西岸属多云雾的赤道沙漠气候）；属于温带沙漠气候的哈萨克是纬度最高的热浪区。

根据世界气象组织（WMO）定义，35℃ 及以上的温度为高温，而热浪则是连续5天的最高气温，皆超过该地区平均最高气温5°C 以上。 ^[1]

热浪引起的高温天气可以导致人死亡，尤其是老年人。

21世纪主要的热浪

2001年北美洲东部热浪（英语：2001 Eastern North America heat wave）
2002年印度热浪（英语：2002 heatwave in India）
2003年欧洲热浪
2006年欧洲热浪
2007年欧洲热浪（英语：2007 European heat wave）
2007年亚洲热浪（英语：2007 Asian heat wave）
2009年澳洲热浪
2009年太平洋西北部热浪（英语：2009 Pacific Northwest heat wave）
2009年阿根廷热浪（英语：August 2009 Argentine winter heat wave）
2013年美国南部热浪
2013年欧洲热浪
2013年中国热浪
2015年印度热浪
2015年巴基斯坦热浪
2018年7月东北亚热浪
2018年8月东亚热浪
2021年北美西部热浪
2022年印巴热浪
2022年中国高温
2022年欧洲热浪
2023年亚洲热浪

海洋热浪

海洋热浪（英语：Marine heatwave；简称：MHW）是指特定海域的温度高于该季节平均温度的现象。^[2]海洋热浪可能由多种因素引发，包括锋面等短期天气现象、厄尔尼诺事件等季节性、年度或十年模式，以及气候变化等长期变化。^[3]^[4]^[5]海洋热浪可能冲击生物多样性，例如造成珊瑚白化、海星消耗性疾病（英语：Sea star wasting disease）、^[6]^[7]海洋生物大规模死亡^[8]，或产生有害藻华。^[9]与陆地上的热浪不同，海洋热浪可以延伸数百万平方公里，持续数周至数月甚至数年。^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

预防受害

有一些简单的方法可以避免受到热浪的侵袭，像及早补充水分及电解质等，其中最有效的就是以开冷气的方法降温。有许多案例显示，许多热浪地区受害者因为家中未安装空调，有可能引发中暑或热衰竭而死亡。尤其是医院没有空调的话，对于热浪受害者的治疗效果就差很多。^[14]

影片

《灾祸调查报告：热浪》，Discovery Channel

参见

参考资料

[1]
远见天下文化出版股份有限公司. 熱浪不只野火、中暑！一文看懂熱浪成因和影響 | 易淳敏 | ESG遠見. ESG远见 - 永续共好. [2023-08-10] （中文（台湾））.
[2]
Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J. A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. Progress in Oceanography. 2016-02-01, 141: 227–238 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2016PrOce.141..227H. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 49583270. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）（英语）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为海洋熱浪 :2的参考文献提供内容
[4]
Oliver, Eric C. J. Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends. Climate Dynamics. 2019-08-01, 53 (3): 1653–1659. Bibcode:2019ClDy...53.1653O. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 135167065. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2.
[5]
Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nature Communications. 2018-04-10, 9 (1): 1324. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1324O. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5893591 . PMID 29636482. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9.
[6]
Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG. Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009-11-09, 86 (3): 245–251. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 20066959. doi:10.3354/dao02125 .
[7]
Eisenlord, Morgan E.; Groner, Maya L.; Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Elliott, Joel; Maynard, Jeffrey; Fradkin, Steven; Turner, Margaret; Pyne, Katie; Rivlin, Natalie; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Harvell, C. Drew. Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016-03-05, 371 (1689): 20150212. PMC 4760142 . PMID 26880844. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0212.
[8]
Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave. Global Change Biology. May 2009, 15 (5): 1090–1103. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15.1090G. S2CID 55566218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x.
[9]
McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016-10-16, 43 (19): 10366–10376. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310366M. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 5129552 . PMID 27917011. doi:10.1002/2016GL070023.
[10]
Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan. Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015-05-16, 42 (9): 3414–3420. S2CID 129149984. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306  （英语）.
[11]
Schaeffer, A.; Roughan, M. Subsurface intensification of marine heatwaves off southeastern Australia: The role of stratification and local winds: SUBSURFACE MARINE HEAT WAVES. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017-05-28, 44 (10): 5025–5033. S2CID 134464357. doi:10.1002/2017GL073714 （英语）.
[12]
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.; King, A. D.; Cougnon, E. A.; Holbrook, N. J.; Grose, M. R.; Oliver, E. C. J.; Lewis, S. C.; Pourasghar, F. The Role of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change in the 2017/18 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019-01-01, 100 (1): S105–S110 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2019BAMS..100S.105P. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 127347944. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1. hdl:1885/237324 . （原始内容存档于2023-08-20）（英语）.
[13]
Laufkötter, Charlotte; Zscheischler, Jakob; Frölicher, Thomas L. High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming. Science. 2020-09-25, 369 (6511): 1621–1625 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1621L. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973027. S2CID 221881814. doi:10.1126/science.aba0690. （原始内容存档于2023-08-22）（英语）.
[14]
朱柏龄／三军总医院中暑防治中心主任. 「熱浪」來襲這6招學起來自保｜元氣網. 元气网-解决你的健康大小事｜元气网. [2023-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11）（中文（台湾））.

外部链接

Social & Economic Costs of Temperature Extremes from NOAA Socioeconomics website initiative, National Centers for Environmental Information（英语：National Centers for Environmental Information）

[1] [1]
远见天下文化出版股份有限公司. 熱浪不只野火、中暑！一文看懂熱浪成因和影響 | 易淳敏 | ESG遠見. ESG远见 - 永续共好. [2023-08-10] （中文（台湾））.

[海洋熱浪_:21-2] [2]
Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J. A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. Progress in Oceanography. 2016-02-01, 141: 227–238 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2016PrOce.141..227H. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 49583270. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）（英语）.

[海洋熱浪_:2-3] 引用错误：没有为名为海洋熱浪 :2的参考文献提供内容

[海洋熱浪_:5-4] [4]
Oliver, Eric C. J. Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends. Climate Dynamics. 2019-08-01, 53 (3): 1653–1659. Bibcode:2019ClDy...53.1653O. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 135167065. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2.

[海洋熱浪_:6-5] [5]
Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nature Communications. 2018-04-10, 9 (1): 1324. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1324O. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5893591 . PMID 29636482. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9.

[海洋熱浪_:162-6] [6]
Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG. Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009-11-09, 86 (3): 245–251. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 20066959. doi:10.3354/dao02125 .

[7] [7]
Eisenlord, Morgan E.; Groner, Maya L.; Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Elliott, Joel; Maynard, Jeffrey; Fradkin, Steven; Turner, Margaret; Pyne, Katie; Rivlin, Natalie; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Harvell, C. Drew. Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016-03-05, 371 (1689): 20150212. PMC 4760142 . PMID 26880844. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0212.

[海洋熱浪_:8-8] [8]
Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave. Global Change Biology. May 2009, 15 (5): 1090–1103. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15.1090G. S2CID 55566218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x.

[海洋熱浪_:132-9] [9]
McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016-10-16, 43 (19): 10366–10376. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310366M. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 5129552 . PMID 27917011. doi:10.1002/2016GL070023.

[10] [10]
Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan. Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015-05-16, 42 (9): 3414–3420. S2CID 129149984. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306  （英语）.

[11] [11]
Schaeffer, A.; Roughan, M. Subsurface intensification of marine heatwaves off southeastern Australia: The role of stratification and local winds: SUBSURFACE MARINE HEAT WAVES. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017-05-28, 44 (10): 5025–5033. S2CID 134464357. doi:10.1002/2017GL073714 （英语）.

[12] [12]
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.; King, A. D.; Cougnon, E. A.; Holbrook, N. J.; Grose, M. R.; Oliver, E. C. J.; Lewis, S. C.; Pourasghar, F. The Role of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change in the 2017/18 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019-01-01, 100 (1): S105–S110 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2019BAMS..100S.105P. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 127347944. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1. hdl:1885/237324 . （原始内容存档于2023-08-20）（英语）.

[13] [13]
Laufkötter, Charlotte; Zscheischler, Jakob; Frölicher, Thomas L. High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming. Science. 2020-09-25, 369 (6511): 1621–1625 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1621L. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973027. S2CID 221881814. doi:10.1126/science.aba0690. （原始内容存档于2023-08-22）（英语）.

[14] [14]
朱柏龄／三军总医院中暑防治中心主任. 「熱浪」來襲這6招學起來自保｜元氣網. 元气网-解决你的健康大小事｜元气网. [2023-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11）（中文（台湾））.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]