超大型企业

超大型企业（英语：megacorporation,mega-corporation或megacorp）是威廉·吉布森推广的术语，是由mega做为字首与corporation两个字的结合。它已在赛博朋克文学中广泛传播。它指的是一个大型综合企业（通常是私有企业），在多个市场上拥有垄断或近乎垄断的控制权（因此表现出水平和垂直垄断）。巨型企业是如此强大，以至于他们可以无视法律，拥有自己的（通常是军队规模）武装部队、私人军队，成为私有化警察部队的经营者，拥有“主权”领土，甚至充当彻头彻尾的政府。他们经常对员工进行很大程度的控制，从而将“企业文化”这一概念发挥到极致。这种超大型企业的组织的概念早在赛博庞克出现之前就已经出现在科幻小说中了，例如菲利普·狄克(银翼杀手,1968)、Thea von Harbou（大都会，1927年）、Robert A. Heinlein（银河公民，1957年）、Robert Asprin（冷现金战争，1977年）和Andre Norton（日光女王小说）。在1977年的《旅行者》这个科幻角色扮演游戏中，该术语的明确使用要早于William Gibson。^[12]

[1]
Bown, Stephen R.: Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900. (Thomas Dunne Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0312616113), p. 16
[2]
Capra, Fritjof; Mattei, Ugo: The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community. (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2015, ISBN 978-1626562066), p. 63
[3]
Weststeijn, Arthur (2014), 'The VOC as a Company-State: Debating Seventeenth-Century Dutch Colonial Expansion,'. Itinerario 38(1): 13–34. doi:10.1017/S0165115314000035
[4]
Sayle, Murray（英语：Murray Sayle）. Japan goes Dutch. London Review of Books, Vol. 23 No. 7. 2001-04-05 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）.
[5]
Ames, Glenn J. The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. 2008: 102–103.
[6]
Brook, Timothy: Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World（英语：Vermeer's Hat）. (Bloomsbury Press, 2008, pp. 288, ISBN 978-1596915992)
[7]
Hanft, Adam（英语：Adam Hanft）. Google Is the New "CorporNation" - Half Company, Half Virtual Government. HuffingtonPost.com. 2010-05-23 [2018-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-12）. Adam Hanft: "A CorporNation's vast global influence enables it to function simultaneously in two realms: a for-profit company, and as a force that can shape the geopolitical landscape."
[8]
Phelan, Ben. Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational. PBS.org. 2013-01-07 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-22）.
[9]
Taylor, Bryan. The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History. BusinessInsider.com. 2013-11-06 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-08）.
[10]
Grenville, Stephen. The first global supply chain. Lowy Institute. 2017-11-03 [2018-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-24）.
[11]
Desjardins, Jeff. How today's tech giants compare to the massive companies of empires past. BusinessInsider.com. 2017-12-12 [2018-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）.
[12]
Library Data (A-M) - Traveller. Traveller RPG Wiki. [2017-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）（英语）.

[1] [1]
Bown, Stephen R.: Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600–1900. (Thomas Dunne Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0312616113), p. 16

[2] [2]
Capra, Fritjof; Mattei, Ugo: The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in Tune with Nature and Community. (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2015, ISBN 978-1626562066), p. 63

[3] [3]
Weststeijn, Arthur (2014), 'The VOC as a Company-State: Debating Seventeenth-Century Dutch Colonial Expansion,'. Itinerario 38(1): 13–34. doi:10.1017/S0165115314000035

[4] [4]
Sayle, Murray（英语：Murray Sayle）. Japan goes Dutch. London Review of Books, Vol. 23 No. 7. 2001-04-05 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-17）.

[5] [5]
Ames, Glenn J. The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. 2008: 102–103.

[6] [6]
Brook, Timothy: Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World（英语：Vermeer's Hat）. (Bloomsbury Press, 2008, pp. 288, ISBN 978-1596915992)

[7] [7]
Hanft, Adam（英语：Adam Hanft）. Google Is the New "CorporNation" - Half Company, Half Virtual Government. HuffingtonPost.com. 2010-05-23 [2018-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-12）. Adam Hanft: "A CorporNation's vast global influence enables it to function simultaneously in two realms: a for-profit company, and as a force that can shape the geopolitical landscape."

[8] [8]
Phelan, Ben. Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational. PBS.org. 2013-01-07 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-22）.

[9] [9]
Taylor, Bryan. The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History. BusinessInsider.com. 2013-11-06 [2017-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-08）.

[10] [10]
Grenville, Stephen. The first global supply chain. Lowy Institute. 2017-11-03 [2018-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-24）.

[11] [11]
Desjardins, Jeff. How today's tech giants compare to the massive companies of empires past. BusinessInsider.com. 2017-12-12 [2018-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15）.

[12] [12]
Library Data (A-M) - Traveller. Traveller RPG Wiki. [2017-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）（英语）.

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超大型企业

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